Urban planning has always been an interdisciplinary process requiring the combination and synergy of various scientific disciplines and technical methods. In recent years, there has been an increasingly strong demand for respecting environmental standards on one hand and a trend towards creating cities that are more pedestrian-friendly and suitable for micromobility on the other. Internationally [6], urban and spatial planning is now moving in this direction, influencing local designs accordingly. In the case of the European Union, there has been a massive effort to shape and promote what we call sustainable design, and now in 2025, a significant database and repository of knowledge related to this field has been created [1]. In fact, the European Union considers the adoption of sustainable planning by member states not only an architectural or scientific choice but also a political approach to what we call 'European integration' [2]. Thus, it is evident that urban planning is, among other things, a matter of political and socio-political choices, sometimes imposed from top-down directives and other times developed as bottom-up demands.

In the ever-evolving landscape of product development and innovation, "smart prototyping" is emerging as a transformative force. By combining the rapid capabilities of 3D printing with the intelligence of artificial intelligence (AI), designers and engineers are redefining the traditional design thinking process making it faster, smarter, and more adaptive than ever before.

Cable-stayed bridges are well-known for their efficient structural design, which utilises cables to support the bridge deck. It consists of one or more towers (or pylons) from which the bridge deck is supported by cables. The compressive force created by the tensile pressure in the cable wires has an impact on the bridge deck in addition to the direct traffic load. The weight of the deck is supported by a series of inclined cables, which are in tension that go directly to one or more vertical towers of a cable-stayed bridge. Towers transmit forces from cables to foundation by axial compression. Normally, cable-stayed bridges are constructed with RCC around 2000m span and beyond which steel bridges are preferred. In this study, the suitability of RCC strengthened with CFRP and UHPC materials as an alternative for RCC in cable-stayed bridges is investigated. The benefits of CFRP, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and flexibility, as well as those of UHPC, such as stronger compressive strength, durability, and low maintenance, make it a preferable choice to RCC. The performance of above bridges under dead and wind loads is evaluated using the finite element analysis software SAP2000. While applying the wind load, crucial parameters such wind speed and its direction are taken into account. The structural responses such as deflection, bending moment and shear force values gives a good comparison among these three bridge deck materials.

Keywords: Cable stayed bridge; UHPC; CFRP; Wind Load

We are researching to develop a fuel consumption efficiency of 33% on average when we drive different kinds of cars on the road. The Koga device is polyethene consisting of aluminium metal and neodymium magnet, and the fuel activates through the Koga, which is activated by the specially processed water in advance. We report the collaborated mechanism of magnetic and electric fields to improve fuel combustion where the liquid fuel passing the Koga can produce smaller fuel molecules.

Keywords: fuel efficiency; plant growth; electromagnetic field; pico-sized water; reducibility

3N aluminum is widely used in the power, electronics, and construction industries, with increasing demands for higher quality. During aluminum smelting and casting, the infiltration of non-metallic impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen significantly affects material properties. This study addresses the impact of the high-temperature, high-humidity environment in southern China on the impurities in 3N aluminum ingots. It suggests that through equipment upgrades, process optimization, and production management improvements, non-metallic impurities in the ingots can be reduced. Specifically, oxygen and hydrogen impurity levels were reduced by 0.0021% and 0.0004%, respectively. These measures significantly enhanced the purity of 3N aluminum, ensuring the supply meets the high-end aluminum market’s requirements.

Keywords: 3N aluminum ingots; Non-metallic impurities; Refining process; Equipment upgrades; Process optimization; Impurity control

The COVID-19 pandemic had a lasting impact on the world, affecting not only global health but also disturbing the fundamental pillars of our economy and communities. Its extent of disruption was unimaginable, affecting every individual, community, and nation.

At this point, it is no longer constructive to speculate on the pandemic's origins—how it began, where it came from, or who was responsible. These questions, which were previously important to public conversation, are no longer relevant in light of more pressing challenges. What is actually important now is what we have learnt from this experience and how we will use those lessons moving ahead.

Engineering is a constantly evolving field where technological innovation plays a central role in improving processes and performance. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most powerful drivers of this transformation, revolutionizing various sectors such as civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering. This article explores the opportunities AI offers in engineering and the challenges that must be addressed for optimal adoption.

Streets are considered to be a major urban element in any city in the world. Studying them and how they are interconnected together helps understand how vibrancy in urban settlements is created or fixed. This paper is an extension to a previously published paper where it compares the effect of different urban elements resulted from streets and streets network in different districts. It investigates the correlation between streets attributes of length, width, integration and choice with pedestrians flow and vehicular movement.

Keywords: Urban Form; Vibrancy; Connectivity; Space Syntax

In the Russian Federation, the positive balance of production/consumption of technical sulfur is increasing, which contributes to the consideration of the use of sulfur as a low-carbon binder in the production of large-tonnage building materials and products. The successes achieved in the modification of technical sulfur [5] not only make it possible to produce high-strength chemically and moisture-resistant products from it, but also to start developing materials for road surfaces. Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), after successfully conducting pilot tests of sulfur modification processes and the production of road slabs from modified sulfur concrete and composite reinforcement, is preparing a pilot industrial production of sulfur concrete mixtures. This opens up wide opportunities for the creation and testing of innovative technologies for the production of sulfur concrete road surfaces, making the most of the advantages of grey concrete as a thermoplastic material. Such a promising technological direction is the heating of pre-prepared sulfur concrete mixtures at the installation site using microwave induction installations and additives developed for the repair of induction-susceptible asphalt concrete coatings [3]. The article provides an analysis of the results achieved in the development of appropriate modified sulfur binders and samples of sulfur concrete based on them, as well as the formulation of research and technological tasks related to the development of compositions and structures of coatings from modified sulfur concrete mixtures specialized for the technology of their microwave heating and laying directly "on the road". The successful solution of these tasks can ensure the creation of a new highly efficient technology for the construction and repair of modified road concrete pavements with a minimum carbon footprint throughout the entire life cycle. The thermoplastic nature of the sulfur binder, which opens up the possibility of its reusable repair and recycling, allows us to hope for the most important prospects for its joint use with microwave induction technologies as the main type of binder for the Arctic territories.

Keywords: Sulfur concrete; Sulfur concrete mixture; Modified sulfur binder; Road pavement; UHF induction

Storage of solar energy is an important issue as solar radiation is a time-dependent energy source, i.e. has an intermittent character. Thus, the energy source and the heating demands of the systems do not match. Solar thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat (water and rock), latent heat (water/ice and salt hydrates), heat of reaction, or combination of these. Parameters including storage period required, economic viability or operating conditions are effective on selection of these methods [1].

The use of solar energy in drying is becoming an important and viable alternative since it decreases consumption of conventional energy, and improves production efficiency. Solar drying helps to overcome the inherent disadvantage of open sun drying i.e. it protects the product from unpredicted rain, wind-borne dirt and dust, Infestation by insects, rodents etc... Using a solar dryer, the drying time can be shortened by about 65% compared to the open sun drying because the efficiency of dryer is higher, and its payback period ranges from 2~4 years depending on the rate of utilization [2].

This paper examines a procedure to lower the noise of the system. The system under study is a 4-Slot Server. This Server has 3fan trays each of which has two fans. Our objective is to reduce the noise level. The procedure we adopt is the Constructal Approach [1]. The Constructal Law states that: “ For a finite size system to persist in time, it should evolve in a manner to provide an easier access to fluid going through it”. In past publications devoted to this subject in Industrial Contexts we studied the Condenser of Refrigerator, Thermal management under microgravity, Charger best design and quite recently the noise reduction in a 2-RU Server.

Keywords: Constructal Law; Noise Reduction; Vortex Ring; Correlations

Erosion in hydro power plant has proven to be a great problem from a long time which occurs mainly due to suspended silt particles in water which flows through the turbines components and impacts at high velocities during the normal operating condition. And also metal loss due to cavitation phenomenon particularly in the trailing edges of runner blades leads to severe erosion damages in turbine components. The service life of presently used hydro turbine stainless steel is affected by the hardness, carbide size, process conditions as well as porosity. Thus the assessment of both cavitation as well as silt factors are prerequisite for the quantitative prediction of erosion damage behaviour of the turbine components. Also the identification of critical erosion and cavitation intensity zones are important from the view point of selection of specific coatings on those regions to achieve improved service life. The formation of erosion damage mechanisms in the base hydro steel materials shall pave way for development of high performance coating materials with improved service life. As the cavitation and silt erosion resistance properties are directly affected by the coating process conditions, optimization of these parameters is necessary for achieving improved life expectancy in hard coatings. The erosion resistance of thermal spay coatings have been studied in depth using cavitation and silt erosion test setup, respectively. The supporting tests such as porosity, hardness microstructure, surface roughness, indentation toughness and cavitation/silt damage assessment have been carried out on coating materials. The silt erosion test have been performed at different velocities and impact angles of the jet nozzle. The mechanism of metal removal has been identified and studied from the point of view of surface degradation.

Image tampering is now simpler than ever thanks to the explosion of digital photos and the creation of easy image modification tools. As a result, if the situation is not handled properly, major problems may arise. Many computer vision and deep learning strategies have been put out over the years to address the problem. Having said that, people can easily recognise the photographs that were used in that research. This begs the key question of how CNNs might do on more difficult samples. In this paper, we build a complex CNN network and use various machine learning algorithms to classify the images and compare the accuracies obtained by them. Its performance is also compared on two different datasets. Additionally, we assess the impact of various hyperparameters and a data augmentation strategy on classification performance. This leads to a conclusion that performance can be considerably impacted by dataset difficulty.

Keywords: Image Manipulation; CNNs; Data Augmentation; Patch Extraction

This research investigates the relationship between character (personality traits and background) and susceptibility to phishing attacks in social engineering contexts. Our study uses a practical experimental design with controlled scenarios to measure susceptibility to phishing in a real simulated attack. Ethical safeguards, such as informed consent, anonymized data handling, and a comprehensive participant debriefing, were integral to the research. The findings indicate that high extroversion and low neuroticism greatly increase the probability of falling for a phishing attack. However, the age range was also a significant influencer of susceptibility, while educational background and gender had no effect. These results highlight the need to consider personality and demographic factors in cybersecurity defenses. This paper offers nuanced insights into personality-driven vulnerabilities and supports the value of ethical, realistic experimental designs in social engineering research.

Delving into the critical realm of corporate governance specifically focusing on the paramount importance of robust internal control mechanisms remains to be the most crucial proactive measure against financial irregularities and fraudulent activities. The research meticulously explores the key elements of effective internal controls ranging from segregation of duties to stringent oversight mechanisms highlighting their collective potency in fortifying an organization's defenses against the insidious threat of financial fraud.

It also attempts to investigate the symbiotic relationship between technology and internal controls shedding light on how advancements such as data analytics and artificial intelligence can be harnessed in it.

Keywords: Internal controls; Financial Shenanigans

This study investigates the mechanism behind the dynamic spreading of liquid nano-droplets with suspended nanoparticles, focusing on the impact of nanoparticle size and interaction strength using molecular dynamics simulations. Building on our prior research with Pb-Cu wetting systems of identical chemistry that revealed distinct spreading behaviors, the current findings demonstrate that particle characteristics and interatomic potentials significantly affect the nanosuspension spreading process. The strength of the interaction between the particle and underlying substrate varies from the interatomic potential to test the dynamic spreading behavior of nanofluid droplets, to explore how it affects the wetting kinetics. Meanwhile, forces acting on suspended particles are directly computed from molecular dynamics simulations and compared with cases of different particle sizes. Mechanisms are discussed by correlating the force data with the contact line advancement, droplet morphology, and the observed pinning/depinning behavior.

Keywords: particle suspension; molecular dynamics; force computation

Introduction: The implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa is a transformative initiative aimed at achieving universal health coverage and addressing historical health disparities. This ongoing study explicitly examines the perceptions of healthcare workers, policymakers, and citizens in Gauteng Province regarding the NHI initiative, acknowledging their essential contributions to its successful implementation.

Methods: A qualitative research design will be employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gather in-depth data on stakeholder perceptions. Participants will be recruited through purposive sampling to ensure a diverse representation of views. Data analysis will be conducted using thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns related to perceptions of the NHI.

Results: Preliminary findings suggest that stakeholder perceptions are influenced by factors such as trust in government, concerns about resource allocation, and expectations of service quality. Preliminary themes may include skepticism regarding implementation efficacy, perceived benefits of universal health coverage, and potential barriers to access.

Discussion: The anticipated results will provide valuable insights into the complexities surrounding the NHI initiative in South Africa. Understanding stakeholder perceptions is vital for identifying areas of resistance and fostering support for the NHI. The findings will contribute to the literature on health insurance systems and inform policymakers on strategies to enhance stakeholder engagement and address concerns.

Conclusion: This study aims to bridge the gap between policy intentions and public sentiment regarding the NHI initiative. By capturing the diverse views of healthcare workers, policymakers, and citizens, the research seeks to promote a more inclusive approach to health system reform in South Africa, ultimately advancing the goal of equitable healthcare access for all citizens.

Keywords: National Health Insurance (NHI); Universal Health Coverage; Stakeholder Perceptions; Healthcare Workers; Health Care Policy Makers

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are quasi one-dimensional narrow strips of graphene comprised of sp²-hybridized carbon atoms arranged into hexagonal honeycomb lattice configurations. GNRs possess high mobility and current-carrying capability, sizeable bandgap and versatile electronic properties, which make them promising candidates for quantum electronic applications. The high aspect ratio, abundant edges, conductivity, and propensity for functionalization make GNRs an attractive material that draws interest from a wide range of fields, including chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. GNRs have already found use in various applications such as sensors, conductive films, polymer composites, batteries, energy-conversion/storage devices, bioimaging, DNA sequencing, and neurophysiological recovery. With the advancements in the preparation technology of GNRs, GNRs with different structures have been prepared and studied. Results reveal that GNRs have good photoelectric characteristics, providing them broad application prospects in quantum computing and dissipative microelectronic devices.

The combined effects of local warming brought on by urbanisation and global climate change are making urban heat a growing problem for many cities. Urban heat-related issues must be addressed immediately because these phenomena have substantial negative effects on the environment, the economy, society, and human health. Although buildings play a significant role in urban heat, they also offer opportunities for mitigation through the decarbonisation of the built environment. The building industry has acknowledged green buildings (GBs) as an innovative philosophy and practice. GBs have been suggested as a way to reduce the effects of urban heat islands and other heat-related issues. The purpose of this study is find the most important factors of green building which can be impactful for reducing UHI. Using an extensive literature review methodology, the study identified eighteen important references following a thorough screening of more than 1400 preliminary studies. Finally 10 papers have been selected. These sources concentrate on the ways that green buildings mitigate urban heat through different approaches, such as cutting carbon emissions, lessening the effects of artificial landscapes, and enhancing energy efficiency. Global warming mitigation, local warming mitigation, and urban heat mitigation are the three categories into which the framework created in this review divides GB's responses to urban heat challenges. Further analysis of these responses is conducted with respect to the following areas: building design, energy and water efficiency, site planning, outdoor environments, transportation, material selection, indoor environmental quality, operation management, and building life cycle, including construction and maintenance. The findings indicate that GBs significantly contribute to reducing the urban heat problem by lowering carbon emissions, minimising artificial landscapes, and promoting energy-efficient designs.  This review provides a holistic analysis of the role of GBs in urban heat mitigation, aiming to inform future research and practical implementations in urban planning and green building development.

Keywords: Urban heat island; green building; mitigation strategies; green infrastructure; climate change

In the recent years, numerical simulation of the welding process has become more widely used, mainly owing to advances in computer technology and the prevalence of commercial software. However, one of the main challenges of welding simulation is the accuracy of heat source modeling. This paper investigates Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) with Lower Spatter Control (LSC) on an experimental basis, aiming to determine the parameters of the heat source for improved numerical prediction of weld temperature, distortion, and stress. The weld bead geometry was characterized and transient temperatures were recorded at particular points on the substrate close to the weld bead using K-type thermocouples. The results revealed that modifying welding speed can affect temperature distribution and weld bead construction. The choice of welding speed is a critical factor in determining the quality and efficiency of a welding process. The study suggests optimizing the welding process parameters, to control the heat input and cooling rate during welding, which can considerably affect the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the weld bead.

Keywords: LSC-GMAW; 304 L; temperature; macrograph; heat source

I researched water in quantum theory for over 10 years [1]. We have applied water to various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and different plastics, ceramics, and glass materials, and we have many publications.

Here, I review the bases of the water in theory in particular.

Firstly, we introduce the water containing the pico-extended particle (1/1000 of a nanometer) after the dissociation of hydrogen bonds in the water molecules, which I name infoton, <H⁺~e^-> [1]. Here are four keywords for the infoton.

One idea is neither a hydrogen atom nor separated ions. However, a critical point in our estimation is that the electron in the hydrogen atom oscillates between the outermost orbit and the nearest area of the proton in the cloud, as shown in Fig. 1.

This paper rejects the hypothesis that investment Gardens present financial harm to the public. Gardens are found on platform websites that allow anybody to create an investment product. The literature review sources the limited research noting the opportunities for abuse that managers of complex financial products can exploit against the unsuspecting public.

This research builds on the dialectic in the Decentralized Finance (“DeFi”) debate. How dare access to riches be denied to anyone? Are regulators obliged to restrict access to vulnerable investors?

Eight Gardens are regressed against the S&P 500, Bitcoin and Ethereum prices. Granger Causality Analysis seeks to establish whether there is rationality in the DeFi markets. Gardens’ Sharpe Ratios are compared to sixty traditional investment funds.

The paper proposes an extension of adverse selection within agency theory. The propensity for retail investors to understand a Garden from any sources should determine whether retail investors are allowed to invest.

Keywords: DeFi; game theory; adverse selection; investment gardens; finance democratization

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the world's governance, peace and security. Even though Africa was not affected like the magnitude in Europe and America, the pandemic has threatened international peace and security in the West African sub region. Political change and coup d’états in Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Mali and Niger have presented security challenges in West Africa. Threats by terrorists’ groups during and after the pandemic has also posed threat to human security and cooperation among countries in the ECOWAS bloc. Insecurity has increased, especially when terrorist groups have used the pandemic to cause political instability. In some countries in the sub-region, the COVID-19 pandemic delayed progress in implementing reforms and has stalled efforts by governments to provide efficient and effective services to the citizenry, invariably hampering government’s efforts at improving on the needs of the people in the region. This has been a major catalyst to the military take overs that has occurred in the West African, Sahel region worsening the already precarious situation in Africa. It is recommended amidst the negative effects that, leaders in the sub-region strengthen measures to improve on human security among member states, harness resources in the region to build robust infrastructural amenities and to improve the living conditions of the youth in order not to be recruited by armed insurgent groups to cause extreme violence.

Keywords: Peace; human security; terrorists; pandemic and Sahel

We encountered a man (77- years - old) suffering from multiple myeloma, who was discharged from the hospital after he was hospitalized for a couple of days.

His symptoms were shortness of breath, bone pain, anemia, renal damage and fatigue for two years. Anemia and renal organs may relate water.

Sometimes, they have abnormally high blood viscosity. The disease is a lymph (B cell) becoming cancerous in bone marrow, which forms M protein (monoclonal protein), involving about 10% of blood cancers [1, 2]. Now, a medical doctor should find where the lymphatic node or lymphatic vessels are. The reason why we introduce blood is that multiple myeloma must be mostly related.

Counterfeit medicine, also known as fake medicine, is a medication or pharmaceutical product that is produced and sold with the intent to deceive. It may look like a legitimate brand-name product. However, it contains incorrect, insufficient, or harmful ingredients. Counterfeit medicines pose a serious threat to public health. It can be ineffective, cause adverse side effects, or even lead to death. Traditional methods for detecting fake medicines involve visual inspection of packaging for inconsistencies like misspellings, poor print quality, checking the pill's appearance, color, and size for anomalies, and verifying the expiration date. That means more or less traditional methods were subjective and prone to human error. One separate technique could be analyzing the chemical composition of medicines. It was time-consuming and expensive Therefore, it never became viable solution. Furthermore, counterfeiters are becoming increasingly sophisticated with the advent of internet that makes it difficult to distinguish fake medicines from genuine ones using conventional techniques. Reinforcement learning can be a powerful tool in detecting counterfeit medicines. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment and receiving rewards or penalties for its actions. By training an AI agent to analyze various features like packaging, labeling, and chemical composition, it can learn to distinguish between genuine and fake products. Through iterative learning and reward-based feedback, the AI agent can continuously improve its accuracy in identifying counterfeit medicines. This technology can help automate the detection process, making it more efficient and reliable than traditional methods. Additionally, it can be used to develop real-time detection systems that can alert authorities and consumers about counterfeit products in circulation. Reinforcement learning's adaptability and ability to learn from continuous feedback makes it well-suited for detecting counterfeit medicines, as it can adapt to evolving counterfeit techniques and improve its accuracy over time.

Packaging has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, without which it would bring great inconvenience and insecurity to consumers. The current global trend is to reduce the amount of packaging waste by recycling the same materials or using renewable waste raw materials. After each year's corn harvest, a large amount of straw is discarded in fields, and these corn straws are becoming an alternative source for wood fibers in green packaging. This study evaluates the feasibility of using straw fibers for gravure printing packaging by observing the quality parameters of gravure printing and the ink penetration into the printing substrate. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the gravure printing ink penetrates too much into the printing substrate, resulting in uneven surface ink distribution. The viscosity of the ink and the printing process itself have a significant impact on this. Therefore, gravure printing needs to add additional coatings or more fillers in the paper structure to improve it.

Keywords: corn straw; wood fiber; gravure printing; alternative; eco-friendly packaging

This research paper explores the application of machine learning techniques to predict heart disease, a leading cause of deaths worldwide. By utilizing various classification algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbours, and Support Vector Machines, we aim to identify the most effective model for accurate prediction. The study uses the dataset from Cleveland Heart Disease dataset, with data pre-processing steps such as handling missing values, scaling, and feature selection. Model performance is compared and used with metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score. The findings indicate that Random Forest algorithm outperforms other models, which provides insights for healthcare professionals in early diagnosis and preventive measures. The results also highlight the potential of machine learning to enhance clinical decision-making and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords: Classification Algorithms; Decision Trees; Healthcare Analytics; Heart Disease Prediction; K-Nearest Neighbour; Logistic Regression; Machine Learning; Random Forest; Support Vector Machines

A numerical study is performed to enhance the performance of electric vehicle batteries of different shapes using different cooling methods. Three cooling approaches were examined: no cooling, water cooling, and the incorporation of nanoparticles in the cooling plate with considering variety of batteries. There are five different setups made for analysis with and without considering flow channels for single and pack up batteries. When the battery pack operated without any cooling mechanism, the maximum temperature (T_max) reached approximately 367 K. This finding underscores the inherent thermal challenges associated with uncooled battery systems, as elevated temperatures can lead to reduced efficiency and accelerated degradation. Implementing a water-cooling system resulted in a notable improvement in thermal performance. The T_max observed with water cooling was reduced around 354 K. The circulating water effectively dissipated heat from the battery pack, mitigating temperature spikes and enhancing overall thermal stability. The introduction of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles into the cooling plate demonstrated the most significant impact on thermal management. The T_max recorded with CuO nanoparticles cooling was substantially lower, measuring around 337 K. The findings of this study have significant implications for the design and optimization of cooling systems for the different battery packs. Efficient thermal management, as demonstrated by water cooling and CuO nanoparticles cooling, can extend the lifespan of batteries, improve overall performance, and contribute to the safety of energy storage systems.

Keywords: Electric vehicle; Battery performance enhancement; Li-ion battery; Pouch and cylindrical; cooling channels; Nanofluids; simulation

The behavior of nano-fluids, or fluid suspensions containing nanoparticles in the realm of capillary fluid flow, has garnered tremendous attention recently for applications spanning from household and personal care products to advanced targeted drug therapy and materials fabrication. One concern is how to control the ordering of nano-particle arrays and fabricate those functional devices. Nano-suspension provides us with a path to synthesize and disperse nanoparticles in fluids, however, the fundamental mechanisms about interfaces and wetting kinetics are still unknown when a nanosuspension drop spreads on a solid surface. Herein, results from molecular dynamics simulations will be presented to explore the nanosuspension metal droplet impact process. Furthermore, the results illustrate how the role of impact angle, impact velocity and nanoparticle size affect the spreading kinetics and how this connects dynamic droplet morphology and associated particle positioning on surfaces.

Keywords: Nanosuspension; Droplet Impact; Molecular Dynamics

We have presented here magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) model based universal NAND and NOR logic gates and studied the proposed universal gates by both experimental and simulation methods. Experimental results substantiates with both the simulated and theoretical results.

The scooter sharing system is a service that enables individuals to rent electric scooters for short term rides. The scooters are mostly electric motor scooters but there are some that are electric kick start. The purpose of this system is to transport people short distances in a safe and efficient way. This research was done to define and analyze the scooter sharing transportation system. System thinking is applied to understand, engineer and innovate the scooter sharing system. The scooter transportation system is defined as an interdependent constituent system that applies systemic tools and diagrams like systemigrams. These tools allow for the system properties to be studied along with the interrelationships. There will be different models of the scooter transportation system examined. The stakeholders will be examined to view the interconnections within the system.

We discuss an unsaturated fatty acid with the anticancer effect to start γ-linolenic acid, following a series of linoleic acids like arachidonic acid, an essential fatty acid to the body. On the other hand, heavy water, one of the hydrogen isotopes, relates to the Raman signal with biological materials added to suppress the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. Specially processed water comes into our theme in connection with heavy water possessing neutron-decay characteristics, and the water changes the hydrogen in heavy water.

As an effective way of large-scale consumption of renewable energy for power generation, off grid hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis systems face multiple challenges in terms of stability and economic operation. The key is how to reasonably allocate the number of electrolytic cells and ammonia load to ensure stable operation of the system throughout the year. In response to these technical difficulties, this article constructs an 8760 hours renewable energy electric hydrogen synthesis ammonia production simulation model that comprehensively considers the abandonment rate and load stability. A reasonable operation planning method for the number of electrolytic cell startups and ammonia load has been proposed. On the premise of ensuring compliance with system constraints, the model can dynamically adjust the number of start-up units, optimize ammonia load, and achieve efficient utilization of wind and solar resources. To verify the actual effectiveness of this method, this article selects a specific case study from Da'an District, Jilin Province for analysis. The results indicate that the planning method proposed in this article not only successfully simulated the production process of ammonia through electric hydrogen synthesis based on 8760 hours of off grid renewable energy, but also significantly improved the rationality of the off-grid system.

Keywords: Renewable energy; Off-grid system; Electric hydrogen production; Synthetic ammonia

The transformative implications of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the teaching and learning fraternity has necessitated its integration in the classroom, globally. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the quest for integration in individual school contexts remains an uphill task despite ICT integration being a policy prerogative in a number of countries. This survey has the sole objective of unpacking how the teaching and learning process has been affected due to lack of ICT resources. By use of a simple questionnaire, the researcher made use of semi-structured interviews in order to solicit data from educators in selected South African primary schools. The interviews were transcribed manually and coded. The data analysis process was conducted by use of a thematic mode of analysis. The findings demonstrated that, due to several reasons, many schools do not make use of ICT tools in teaching and learning, as expected, and in most cases, they do not maximise the use of the existing resources, thus affecting the teaching and learning processes. The reasearcher recommends that the South African Department of Basic Education (DBE) seriously take into consideration individual school contexts when allocating ICT resources in order to try and mitigate the challenges. Stepping up monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that currently exist will help identify contextual challenges and help with providing assistance where necessary. Security issues also call for schools to team up with local communities to try and fight the theft and vandalisation of IT resources. All these measures are meant to facilitate the preservation and use of ICT resources in the classroom for the improvement of the learning process.

Keywords: Primary education; ICT integration; information and communication technology; teaching and learning

In the fast-paced landscape of contemporary education, Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education stands as a vanguard aimed at equipping students with the skills required for the 21st century. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) alone has proven to miss several components that are critical for children and students to thrive in the 21^st century economy, in terms of application, creation, innovation and ingenuity. As such, STEAM can complete the package of benefits to students by integrating arts principles, which allows them to connect their learning to wonder, critique, inquiry, and innovation. While STEAM education is increasingly recognized as a crucial educational approach, the precise role of research within it and how it can be effectively formalized remains a topic of inquiry. In recent years, there have been emerging methodologies that integrate STEAM in education, and which offer pedagogical alternatives that are more holistic and attractive, and which offer prospects to formalize research in science education. This qualitative systematic review embarks on an exploration of the pivotal role of reading and research within STEAM education, addressing the need to formalize innovation in science education. Data for this systematic review have been sourced from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and reports that focus on qualitative research within STEM and STEAM education. The systematic review involved data extraction, coding, and thematic analysis using the COSTAQDA cloud-based software.

Keywords: Innovation; Research; STEM; STEAM

A few network security communities of security practitioners, researchers, hackers, attackers etc. frequently use Black-Listed IP addresses; they also use them as target IP addresses for exercising various network attacks while learning and practicing hacking or security analysis. These IP addresses may be in previous few occasions black-listed or blocked; if not, they may get eventually be black-listed too. A few ISPs in developing and least developing countries purchase such black-listed or blocked IP addresses (BLIP) in much cheaper price and distribute to their Internet users.

There are risks of using BLIPs as the community of white-hat and black-hat hackers, intentionally or being unknown that the IP addresses they have been using no longer belong to them, may still be using them as the target as usual. Thus, the Internet clients using BLIPs (assigned by their ISPs) may be victimized of various attacks without knowing that their computers and network devices have been assigned with bad IP addresses. There are professional and legal issues too in addition to the issue of business ethics and they must be addressed in a proper manner. Here, in this editorial, I am proposing network security approaches to mitigate risks occurring in using such addresses. The ISPs can implement these approaches while the issues are being resolved.

During the intense pandemic, a new and initially unpopular concept emerged: working from home. As everyone was forced to stay inside, businesses couldn't come to a halt. So, a new way of working was introduced: setting up virtual offices at home, allowing employees to work and communicate with colleagues online. Although the traditional office environment was missing, many companies found that employees' productivity increased significantly.

Interestingly, after the pandemic, many companies introduced a hybrid working model. This approach allowed employees to choose where they wanted to work based on their mood and preferences. I acknowledge the boost in productivity, but it came with its own set of challenges. Creating a suitable work environment at home was difficult. Background noises, such as family disputes, often disrupted virtual meetings. Additionally, internet issues were widespread as everyone was using the internet at home. In India, technical advancements were limited, making it challenging to solve these problems. Despite these hurdles, employees managed to adapt, stabilizing the industry.

Third places are those which have emerged to become points of positive social interaction between users of cities. They allow more connection between people in a way that fills the blank in communities. This paper tracks, studies and analyses types of third places along time and how they have been formed to fulfill and suit needs of people. It also compares between different types regarding communities and users. It hypothesizes that suitable third places differ from a place to another according to types of users.

Keywords: Third Places; Social Interaction; Connection

Cement has been a part of almost everything that man has built to improve his life. The chemistry and technology involved in its production have significantly contributed to the development of the world that we have today. The cement industry is one of the largest industrial energy consumers, contributing significantly to global CO2 emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency in the cement industry is crucial due to its high energy consumption and significant carbon emissions. The industry is responsible for approximately 7-8% of global CO2 emissions, making energy efficiency improvements a key strategy for reducing its environmental impact. The present paper will study the energy consumption in cement industry in Nigeria through real auditing and identify technological opportunities in order to decrease energy consumption of the relevant factories, increase the productivity, and improve the production process. Relevant standards planned by government that can provide significant potentials, are discussed too, Moreover, the results prove that consulting sector experts enables the collection of updated ideas for improving technologies, thus giving valuable inputs to the scientific research. One of the challenges for the cement industry in developing countries is the wet manufacturing process. Outdated technologies consume a huge amount of energy, which negatively affects the competitiveness of products. In addition to switching to a dry process in cement production, our engineering company implements other projects leading to increase the efficiency of existing cement plants. This includes the modernization of cement kilns, the introduction of vertical cement mills, as well as the design and installation of renewable energy equipment. The increase in production and efficiency is reflected in the achievement of the impressive financial results that our customers demonstrate shortly after modernization.

Keywords: Cement Industry; Energy Efficiency; CO2 Emissions; Industrial Energy

The operating temperature of photovoltaic cells is an important parameter that influences their conversion efficiency. High operating temperatures greatly determine the maximum output power for the same conditions of solar radiation. In this paper a numerical approach have been conducted on a tandem solar cell of area 50x50 mm² so as to analyse the temperature variation of a solar cell kept in a tandem. This paper includes three tandem solar cells with different combinations of the top cell and bottom cell. A detailed study of thermal analysis on various type of tandem solar cells is carried out in the hilly regions. The tandem solar cells considered are mono- crystalline silicon-MAPbI₃ tandem, mono-crystalline silicon-MAPbBr₃ tandem and MAPbI₃ - MAPbBr₃ tandem. The trend in temperature variation with time is witnessed wherein the temperature difference between the top cell and bottom cell is also observed. The efficiency of the cells are calculated individually and the efficiency of the tandem is also calculated. The thermo physical property values used in the paper like thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and density were collected and chosen from different papers mentioned in the reference. All the calculation’s data that is the temperature, input power and the efficiency of tandem solar cell is with respect to the solar irradiation for the coordinate 88.6138 °E, 27.3314 °N GMT +5:30. The solar power and efficiency for different tandem cells has been compared for the whole day starting from 10 AM to 5 PM for a week. From the study the maximum power conversion efficiency obtained for MAPbI₃ - MAPbBr₃ tandem is 43.78% and minimum for silicon-MAPbI₃ tandem is 35.25%. The average power obtained highest for MAPbI₃ - MAPbBr₃ is 55.79W and lowest for silicon-MAPbI₃ tandem is 45.08W. The solar flux intensity is gradually increases and then decreases from 10 AM to 5 PM, the peak value of 908 W/m² is obtained at 11 AM of the day.

Keywords: Mono-crystalline silicon-MAPbI₃ tandem; silicon-MAPbBr₃ tandem; MAPbI₃ - MAPbBr₃ tandem solar cells; Power conversion efficiency; thermal analysis; simulation

The advent of ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools has sparked significant discourse in academic writing, raising both opportunities and challenges. This study examines the impact of ChatGPT on academic writing, particularly in higher education, with a focus on South Africa but extending a global perspective. The primary concerns revolve around the accuracy of AI-generated content and ethical issues like plagiarism, which threaten academic integrity. The problem statement identifies the core issue as the ethical and effective integration of ChatGPT in academic writing, affecting students, faculty, and researchers who utilize these tools. The purpose of this research is to critically analyze the challenges and benefits of using ChatGPT in academic writing and to develop recommendations for its ethical and effective use. Utilizing a systematic review methodology with a mapping review design, the study synthesizes literature from 22 countries, providing a broad understanding of the global perspective on GAI tools in academia.

The findings reveal that while ChatGPT can significantly enhance productivity, improve language support for non-native English speakers, and provide immediate feedback, it also poses risks related to plagiarism, accuracy, and over-reliance on AI. Ethical concerns are paramount, with the need for transparent disclosure of AI use, proper attribution, and policies to prevent misuse. To address these issues, the study proposes the OTHA (Openness, Transparency, Honesty, and Accountability) Framework. This framework aims to guide the ethical integration of ChatGPT by fostering a collaborative approach, ensuring transparency in AI use, promoting ethical training, and establishing accountability mechanisms. The study recommends comprehensive policies, targeted training, equitable access to AI tools, and regular monitoring and evaluation to ensure responsible AI use in academic settings. By implementing these recommendations, educational institutions can leverage the benefits of ChatGPT while maintaining academic integrity and promoting inclusive educational practices.

Keywords: Academic Writing; Artificial Intelligence; ChatGPT; Education Policy; Generative AI; Higher Education

Antenna designers are constantly challenged with the temptation to search for optimum solutions for complex Electromagnetic device designs. The ever- increasing advances in computational power have fuelled this temptation. The well-known brute force design methodologies are systematically being replaced by the state-of-the-art optimization techniques. The ability of using numerical methods to accurately and efficiently characterize the relative quality of a particular design has excited the EM engineers to apply stochastic global Evolutionary optimizers (EO). The EO techniques have been applied with growing applications to the design of Electromagnetic systems of increasing complexity. The recent popularity experienced by EO methods is not unique to the field of Electromagnetics. Among various EO techniques, the Improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) has attracted considerable attention. These schemes are finding popularity within Electromagnetic community as design tools and problem solvers because of their versatility and ability to optimize in complex multimodal search spaces applied to non-differentiable cost functions. The overall radiation pattern of the antenna array can be shaped by the structure of the array, distance between the elements and its amplitude and phase excitations. Synthesis of linear arrays have been extensively studied from the past decades. Applied to linear antenna array optimization to optimize the excitation weights and element positions for better side lobe level reduction and advanced null control have been studied. IPSO has been used to non-uniformly optimize the element positions to produce a minimum side lobe level with no back lobes pattern of the linear antenna array. The design of linear array for applications in Wi-Max (World wide Interoperability for Microwave access) base stations for improved signal to interference ratio, lower cost, resistance to multipath and fading, improved co-channel Interference, enhanced frequency reuse, improved spectral efficiency and space-time diversity for MIMO channels in Wireless communications is a burning topic of discussion nowadays in the Electromagnetic Community.

Epilepsy monitoring equipment has recently shown innovative promises for metaverse-integrated devices tailored for professional pediatric use. The specification emphasizes critical biomechanical elements, including structure-to-topology optimization, for weight and durability. Key components are collected by a scoped review of books from the identification used for the design. Key components reveal high-stress areas, optimize material efficiency, and ensure biocompatibility through careful material selection. Ergonomics and comfort are prioritized for long-term wear by children, along with considerations for the device's lifespan and durability. The device's integration with Metaverse facilitates real-time monitoring and more extended data collection. The specification also outlines qualification and validation protocols. Further refinement could benefit from additional details, as simulating sensor placement, specific wear locations, and data on typical wear patterns and stress points.

Keywords: Biomechanics; User Requirements; IoT-based device; Epilepsy monitoring; Mechanical design

The effects of multiple earthquakes of different frequency content on the global response of steel building are presented in this paper. Multiple earthquakes forming sequences as mainshock-aftershock pairs, three (3) steel moment resisting frames of 10-storey (H10), 15-storey (H15) and 20-storey (H20) were analyzed according to the code provisions of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 using sequential nonlinear response history analyses. The frequency content of mainshock and aftershock records were varied based on the PGA/PGV ratio. The result produced expected differences in structural responses conditional on the frequency content and the dynamic characteristics of each model. The outcome is measurable differences in the structural response, with the inter-storey drift and other structural response parameters changing due to the different frequency characteristics of the aftershocks. It is expected that the conclusions drawn in this paper will lead to an improvement of the IS 1893 with regards to multiple earthquake effect for an improved design and construction of steel frame structures in India, which will lead to better seismic performance.

Keywords: foreshock; aftershock; ground motion; frequency content; steel building; earthquake

The X-ray is a fantastic invention that has found widespread use in the medical area and as a metal detector, among other things. However, because the conventional X-ray generating technique requires a high voltage of several kilovolts, it is expensive. Here, we've presented a reliable technique that makes use of quantum technology to produce X-rays with just a few volts. In addition, we have implemented an X-ray method for the identification of lung and breast cancer. The next step is precisely positioning gold nanowires for tailored drug delivery. The interaction of light with metal nanoparticles has been studied for a very long time, both theoretically and experimentally. Silver and gold nanoparticles, which usually have sizes between 5 and 150 nm, are very interesting because they have the ability to modify their binding affinity. This means that the formulation of the nanoparticles may be perfectly matched to a particular type of cancer by excitation with the resonance of the generated X-ray spectrum range. On the other hand, when these particles are arranged as grating elements in a gold nanowire network structure (AuNW), several interesting occurrences take place.

Keywords: Molecular FCN; QHO; X-ray; AuNW; Targeted drug delivery

In the Republic of Guinea, many populations still suffer of water shortages today, particularly in the capital Conakry. The reasons include the rapid increase in population and the lack of water supply infrastructure as well as the degradation of certain fresh water resources due to human activities. In this context, new water supply technologies must be considered. This paper propose a model for transforming seawater into drinking water. The method used is thermal distillation. To achieve this objective, seawater samples were collected in Banares beach to determine the physicochemical parameters before and after treatment using electrometric and nephelometric experimental technic. Ten (10) liters of seawater were treated and 1.5 liters obtained after thermal distillation process. The seawater physicochemical parameters were compared before and after treatment. The results shown dissolved salt rate went from 95g/l to 0.7g/l after treatment (thermal distillation). The pH varied from 5.56 to 6.89 respectively before and after treatment (thermal distillation) showing a decrease of the seawater acidity. The conductivity before and after treatment are respectively 174300 and 1402 µs/cm indicating a drastic reduction of the seawater conductivity. The turbidity varied from 92.7 to 1.11 UTN respectively before and after treatment

Keywords: Model; Desalination; Distillation; Seawater; Thermal; Transformation

This editorial explores the implementation of Digital Twin technology in personalized medicine. By creating virtual replicas of physical assets, Digital Twins enable real-time monitoring and data analysis, leading to significant improvements in equipment reliability and performance. This technology facilitates early detection of potential failures, reduces downtime, and optimizes maintenance schedules. Digital Twin technology stands out as a game-changer, bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds. A Digital Twin is a highly detailed virtual model that serves as the real-time digital counterpart of a physical object or system. This innovative technology has found applications across various sectors, from manufacturing to urban planning. However, its most promising and transformative impact is being witnessed in the field of healthcare.

     In the grand tapestry of human achievement, engineering stands as a shining thread, weaving together innovation, ingenuity, and imagination to create magnificent structures, revolutionary technologies, and awe-inspiring advancements. From the towering skyscrapers that pierce the heavens to the intricate circuitry that powers our modern world, engineering is the backbone of civilization, propelling us forward into a future of limitless possibilities.

     At its core, engineering is a testament to the power of human creativity and intellect. It is the art of turning dreams into reality, of transforming abstract ideas into concrete solutions. It is a discipline that demands precision, perseverance, and passion, as engineers strive to push the boundaries of what is possible and defy the limits of what can be achieved.

A proto-persona, which represents a target audience or user segment, is an initial or rudimentary iteration of a persona. It is a conceptual frame-work that encompasses fundamental attributes, actions, requirements, and aspirations of a cohort of users. Proto-personas are typically created early in the product development process, often based on assumptions, prior knowledge, or limited research. The limitations of the participant who creates the proto persona can compromise the quality and effectiveness of the personas, leading to decisions that are not well-informed or aligned with the needs of the users. Biases, limited perspective, incomplete information, skill level, limited resources, and communication challenges can compromise the quality of proto personas, leading to inaccurate representations of the target audience. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help improve the quality of proto-persona as well can expedite the creation process by analyzing the vast amounts of data to provide comprehensive demographic details, mitigating biases and enriching proto persona creation with di-verse insights, thus enhancing the accuracy and inclusivity of the personas. The paper provides an insight into the real-world experiment of proto-persona creation using OpenAI tuned-model.

Keywords: Design thinking; persona; artificial intelligence

Living and Mobility 2030 (LiMo 2030) is a completely new living and vehicle concept with the potential to revolutionise urban mobility. It combines the advantages of a private car (own passenger compartment) with the traffic-related benefits of car sharing - all this in a convenient (barrier-free), sustainable (parking spaces become green spaces!) and cost-effective (no underground car parks required) way.

Keywords: Sustainable mobility; modular vehicle concept; car sharing

Co-operatives have proved to be one of the driving forces in the socio-economic empowerment of its members. The Government of Tanzania has been implementing the Poverty Reduction Strategy by encouraging people to form co-operatives in order to improve their economic prospects. Establishing a primary co-operative society involves a process which passes through district co-operative office, regional co-operative office and the registrar of co-operatives’ office at the national level. These processes bring about the issue of documentation and records keeping. The processing of records is done manually by using pen and papers, or electronically using computers, smart phones and cameras. The research work essentially used questionnaire, interview, observation and document review to gather data. Findings of this study show that 8 out of 13 respondents (61.5%) responded to physically visit co-operative offices to acquire existing records about co-operative societies. This vividly explains use of manual procedure for co-operative records management thus leading to unsolved challenges such as; data inaccuracy and inconsistency, bureaucracy during physical access, money and time consumption due to geographical challenges, lack of transparence, and improper presentation of co-operative information in request. This ongoing research work proposes a web-mobile approach named Co-operative Records Management System (CRMS). CRMS will offer a solution which enable District Co-operative officers (DCOs) to record, process and generate electronic reports on co-operative societies’ records thus mitigating challenges about, but not limited to; time wastage, inconsistency in recording financial records as well as reducing costs for data acquisition. Therefore, this paper explores methods to enhance co-operative records management through web-mobile solutions, as evidenced in the Kilimanjaro region, and presents a proposed design solution.

Keywords: Information Systems; Co-operative society; Information management; Record keeping; CRMS; Co-operative management

     In the ever-evolving world of software development and cloud computing, multi-tenant systems have emerged as a fundamental architecture for delivering scalable, cost-effective, and flexible solutions. These systems, which allow multiple users or organisations to share the same computing resources while maintaining data isolation and privacy, are at the heart of many Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms and cloud applications.

     At its core, a multi-tenant system allows different tenants; individuals or organisations, to access a single instance of a software application, with each tenant's data isolated from others. This design contrasts with single-tenant systems, where each customer has their own dedicated instance. By leveraging shared infrastructure, multi-tenancy provides significant advantages in terms of resource utilisation and cost efficiency. This architecture not only reduces the overhead associated with maintaining multiple instances but also optimises the use of available resources, making it a preferred choice for many service providers.

     The global warming, which is driven by the human activities and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases viz. CO₂ and methane, poses significant risks worldwide. These risks include but are not limited to the rising levels of the oceans, disruptive weather conditions, and chaos to ecosystems and biodiversity. These changes are severe threat to the natural environments, health of human and animal kingdom, food security, and economic stability (IPCC, 2021).

     Having worked in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for over a decade, specializing in sustainability and environmental projects, I have observed the transformative impact of landscaping construction on addressing these challenges. My involvement in some of Dubai and Abu Dhabi’s largest greenery and park projects has provided insights into how strategic landscaping can help mitigate global warming.

     Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing the way we interact with information. But these powerful tools do not operate in a vacuum. We need instructions to guide LLMs towards the desired outcome. This is where prompt engineering comes in. LLMs are trained on massive datasets of text and code. While this imbues them with vast knowledge, it doesn't guarantee they will understand our specific requests. A poorly written request can send the LLM into a rabbit hole, resulting in meaningless or irrelevant text.

     Prompt engineering is a technique in artificial intelligence (AI) that optimizes and fine-tunes language models for specific activities and intended outcomes. Also known as prompt design, it is the act of carefully creating prompts or inputs for AI models in order to improve their performance on specific tasks. Prompts are used to instruct and fine-tune the AI system's desired behaviour, as well as to acquire accurate and desirable responses from AI models. Generative AI systems, powered by transformer architectures, are designed to produce specific outputs based on the quality of provided prompts. Prompt engineering ensures that these AI models comprehend and respond effectively to a wide range of queries, from simple to highly technical. The fundamental rule is simple: good prompts yield good results.

In spite of the budding interest of researchers, policymakers and practitioners, there are still differing and disjointed conceptualizations of sustainable regional and trans-border infrastructure (SRTBI) as its meadow is still emerging. In an effort to fill this research gap, this study reviews and synthesizes SRTBI research to identify core publication vents and papers, key theoretical and methodological approaches, and key variables of interest that exist in the SRTBI literature, and provides directions for future research.

Aluminum alloys have received wide attention in the field of industry in recent times due to their lightweight, high resistance to corrosion, and ease of formation. In addition to their availability and affordability, the problems that occur in the welding of aluminum by traditional methods make the friction stir welding process one of the most important welding processes. This solid-state welding process was discovered in 1991 by TUW and is widely used in the welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. In our research, we welded two important aluminum alloys in the industry (A7075/AA6061) with a thickness of 3mm. We changed some welding process parameters, including tool pin length, feed rate, and rotational speed. After placing an alloy (AA 6061) in the advanced side and tilting the tool, we examined the welded samples to find out the effect of the aforementioned parameters on the tensile strength and resulting hardness. We found that the length of the tool pin has the greatest influence on these properties, as they increase with the increase in the length of the pin. We also noted that the rotation speed and feed rate have a joint effect on the mechanical properties. The highest hardness was obtained at feed rates of 20 and 45 mm/min and rotational speeds of 1200 and 900 rpm, respectively. The highest tensile strength of 209 Mpa was obtained at a rotation speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 20 mm/min.

Keywords: Friction stir welding; pin length; AA7075 and AA6061 aluminum alloys

This article introduces CiesMap software, developed in Visual Studio 2022, designed to collect and manage information about photovoltaic systems (PV systems) in Cuba. It was applied in the diagnostic assessment of PV systems in the municipality of Guamá, Santiago de Cuba. CiesMap enables the recording of technical data such as location, generation capacity, and operational status of PV systems. Using an interactive satellite view through the GMap control, the software facilitates the identification of settlements and PV systems with color-coded markers. Moreover, CiesMap integrates with an Access database for storing and monitoring PV system information. This tool optimizes energy resource management, enhances strategic planning, and facilitates data-driven decision-making, thereby improving the operational efficiency of PV systems.

Keywords: CiesMap; Visual Studio; Database; C#; Photovoltaic Systems

Chemical-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) represents a pivotal technology in the petroleum industry, aimed at maximizing the extraction of hydrocarbons from reservoirs. Traditional oil recovery methods typically leave a substantial portion of the oil in the reservoir, making EOR techniques crucial for boosting extraction efficiency. Among the various chemical EOR methods, polymer flooding stands out due to its ability to improve the viscosity of the displacing fluid, thus enhancing the sweep efficiency and reducing the mobility ratio. This manuscript explores the application of polymeric composites in chemical EOR, highlighting their formulation, mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and recent advancements

Civil Engineers encounter serious problems when dealing with structures (buildings, roads, dams, etc.) built on gypsiferous soil or near-surface gypsum beds. However, gypsum (CaS0₄.2H₂O) in soil with small quantities is beneficial for plants, due to its soluble properties in the water. So it has two impacts on our lives; negative and positive. This article sheds some light on the economic impact of soil with high gypsum content. Such soil is distributed worldwide and some examples from Iraq are presented afterwards.

SOC(State of Charge) estimation for Lithium ion cell with LFP(Lithium iron phosphate) chemistry using different methods. The aim of this study was to get practically accurate results of SOC while tackling the hyped flat curve characteristics of LFP chemistry li-ion cells. Hence the project is divided in two phases the first one focuses on the literature review & the second one on selecting the best method and then implementing & comparing it in real cell dataset to predict the SOC accurately. The study was conducted using smart control algorithms to predict SOC. Data was collected from Kaggle. The results of the study (first phase) showed that double RC model and EKF are the most common techniques which were successfully used for industry R&D. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge by applying the ideas/techniques from different papers & concluding on the best control algorithms to get accurate SOC for LFP cells. The results also have practical implications for how the flatness of Vocv vs SOC curve of LFP affects the prediction. The comparison of the NMC chemistry to LFP then gives clarity on problems with flat curve & possible solutions using filtering techniques like EKF, UKF etc. Overall, this project provides a comprehensive examination of characteristics of LFP and the results have the potential to be applied in industry and further could be used to make strategies for using LFP cells in battery pack.

Keywords: LFP; Li-ION; EV

The urbanization requirements of the modern world & the futuristic requirements of the smart Buildings seeking innovative & creative ideas in the ages of Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, which has been addressed through outrigger system. The outrigger system is one through which the tall RC Structures are benefited by high stiffness, structural framework, controlled excessive drift due to lateral load, Minimizes the risk of structural & Non structural damages, and increases the stiffness of buildings. In this article Analysis and Comparative Study of Reinforced Concrete Frame with Different Outrigger System was done by analysing the various RC Structures.

Hacking used to be linked with computer enthusiasts making positive improvements. But now, it has split into two sides: ethical and unethical practices. Originating from MIT's hacker culture, the paper examines the mindset, motivations, and influences behind the transition of hackers, in unauthorized and harmful activities, known as "black hat" hacking. Hackers, initially driven by a dream to enhance human life through computers, became divided into black hats and white hats, separated by a fuzzy gray line. While both possess technical expertise, black hats engage in bad activities driven by motivations such as financial gain, revenge, ideology, curiosity, ego, and enjoyment. Money and ego emerge as primary influencers leading hackers towards the black hat path. The study emphasizes the interplay of technical skills, human vulnerabilities, and hacking methods. Despite the negative impact, black hat activities unintentionally contribute to technological progress. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the human aspect of hacking in the evolving digital landscape.

Keywords: hacker; black hat; white hat; mindset; motivation; influence

Due to their unique ability of changing shape based on external stimulus, smart materials are finding applications in diverse fields like electronics, medical, construction etc. Smart materials include thermochromic pigments, shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys, self-healing materials and hydrogels. Self-healing materials are man-made substances that have an integral ability to spontaneously heal damages themselves without any diagnosis and human. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing has become popular all around the globe due to benefits like reduced wastage, ease of customization, rapid prototyping and direct production. Combined use of 3D printing and concept of smart materials have led to the development of 4D printing. This paper presents an overview of the smart materials and its detailed classification. An attempt is also made to present the application of additive manufacturing on smart materials and the latest research trends in the domain.

Keywords: Smart Materials; Shape Memory Alloys; Self-Healing Materials; Additive Manufacturing; 3D Printing; 4D Printing

In today's world, sustainability has become a paramount goal for addressing pressing environmental, social, and economic challenges. Engineers play a crucial role in this endeavor, as they possess the expertise and innovative mindset needed to develop sustainable solutions that promote the well-being of both present and future generations. From renewable energy systems to eco-friendly infrastructure, engineers are at the forefront of designing and implementing initiatives that contribute to a more sustainable and resilient world.

‘Green’ aptly means the eco-friendly sustainability and socio-ecological performance. Over the years ever increasing and dominating industrialisation led to environmental degradation impacting global socio-economic order, climate change and natural imbalance. Strategic issues like carbon footprint, energy crisis have been seriously debated targeting mission ‘Go green’ for net zero adopting green technology, practices and processes in industry. Globally, with India no exception, sincere and dedicated efforts are in place for an alternative to existing technological and growth processes and practices towards clean and green environment for sustainable development, growth, prosperity and well-being.

With the progress of civilization there is an always exponential demand for raw material utilization to sustain the materialistic requirement of the human race. With passage of time man learnt to process raw materials to produce final products of desired size and shape as per utility to suffice the needs of life and daily activities. The process of conversion of the raw material to a finished product is always assisted with waste generation. Depending on the raw materials grade, process route entrusted for manufacturing and professional practice at the concerned industrial unit, waste generation also varies. With passage of time there is an ever-increasing thrust on demands for more materials for various applications leading to stress on raw materials, their supply and logistics support. Raw materials are either to be mined out from natural resources or sometimes need to be re-processed out from wastes. With demand of various materials for products, there is waste generation of multitude dimension in every front which itself is a challenge. Waste management thus becomes an uttermost importance since unscientific disposal of wastes creates lot of problems and stress on land. Generally, wastes are coming from any industrial and municipal activities are either solid, liquid and gaseous form. It is not necessary that wastes are all useless they also contain several important constituents for use. For example: Blast Furnace slag, Steel melting shop slag have utility in construction sector as well as for fertilizers. Process optimization in connection with waste generation is now becoming a strong trend since raw materials are not of unlimited supply. Natural resources are executing signs of constraints in various forms like interrupted supply, unavailability of proper grade leading to difficulty and stress on research development for product maturation with lean grade materials. Working with lean grade materials involves lots of more energy and process upgradation which cause waste generation. Without proper scientific approach of waste handling, landfill problem is becoming more acute along with environmental pollution, soil conditioning problem and others which possess further chain of critical challenges for sustainability of various human activities including availability of proper agricultural land and forest coverage. As per law of conservation of mass, materials are constant in the universe either created or destroyed maintaining an equilibrium. Disturbance of equilibrium may shift the balance in either direction which may cause catastrophic impact on sustainability. With more focus on green energy sector, alternative methods of energy generation are under need which also cause more shift on different material processing with exploitation on different natural resources. Wastes should be treated like another source for extraction materials for our needs since natural source may got exhausted just like in the case of hydrocarbon and coal reserves. Recycling of different items or wastes addition during any process already in practice is coming up with supports of proven research and development. It leads to reduction in raw material demand as well as saving of energy leading to reduction of energy consumption for product development. Any sort of energy generation is found to be directly liked with green house gas emission which could be reduced by such practice and adoption of new techniques. Directly it would also control excessive mining activities that is required from extraction of materials from earth sources. Mine reclamation is now days in practice after the mine got exhausted of the reserves for the required time period. Mine reclamation is noted to be useful to regenerate natural conditions like soil, vegetation and other factors which may help in distant future for sustainability and maintenance of ecological balance. Thus, in brief it could be noted with vital interest that waste re-engineering for better utility and source, recycling of products and mine reclamation is linked in a certain chain or cycle which actually reduce energy consumption, green house gas emission, maintaining balance of optimum utilization of natural resources thus paving the pathway for better future and sustainable approach.

For the beyond few years research on gadget fault detection, prognosis and prognosis have been evolved hastily. Fault detection intends to decide the faults present within the monitored method, at the same time as fault diagnosis seeks to become aware of the reasons of the faults electrical machines factors are used in lots of industrial applications. The crucial thing to display the device and evaluate their safety and reliability. Fault detection is used to discover malfunctions in real time, as quickly and as in reality as possible. Vibration size is a nicely-set up method for circumstance monitoring of rotating machines because the vibration patterns range relying on the fault or system situation. this paper summarizes the latest techniques of fault detection and analysis in vibration dimension thru wavelets on device factors.

In accordance with the latest national standard, the dynamic characterization of bridges and viaducts has become mandatory: a necessary action for newly constructed works in terms of dynamic testing and strongly recommended in the case of verification of existing structures. Based on the experience acquired for over fifteen years, we want to classify the construction types according to the actions to which they are subjected in relation to the possibility of carrying out an efficient operational analysis. In other words, to describe the optimal solutions according to the constructive characteristics; that is, if the excitation of the wind alone is better, or if it is preferable to have it combined with road or rail traffic that occurs nearby and how much it is preferable to stay on a motorway overpass, rather than on a road along-side, but not in continuity, with another in which traffic has not been interrupted. The work aims to evaluate the type of transducers most suitable for performing OMA on this type of structure. Having established that accelerometers, although less resolute than velocimeters, allow better phase stability, we will evaluate which of them that are the best in terms of performance-cost, especially in terms of spectral noise compared to the magnitude to be measured. The potential and limitations of wireless solutions are also analyzed and compared with traditional wired ones.

Keywords: EMA; OMA; SHM; ODS; MEMS; LORAWan; Dynamic Testing; Ethernet; EtherCAT; PoE; LAN Network; FRF; IEPE; Force Balance; WIM

In recent years, the integration of digital learning platforms into educational settings has become increasingly prevalent. This paper investigates the impact of digital learning platforms on student engagement and academic performance. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of student performance data with qualitative insights gathered through interviews. Results indicate a significant positive correlation between the use of digital learning platforms and both student engagement and academic achievement. However, challenges such as technological barriers and pedagogical implementation issues are also identified. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of digital learning platforms to enhance educational outcomes while emphasizing the importance of effective integration strategies.

Paramagnetic complexes of transition metals and rare earths have attracted a lot of interest in the last year in medical imaging. Indeed, the study by ¹H NMR spectroscopy has revealed that these agents increase the contrast between an affected cell and a normal one in biological tissues. This increase in contrast is due to the decrease in the nuclear relaxation time of the ¹H proton of water. Due to their high magnetic moment, the dipolar interactions between these agents and water molecules are strong, which mainly reduces the nuclear relaxation time of ¹H protons. Bloch was the first to use ferric nitrate as an agent of observation.

Synthetic mixed triplane complexes containing functionalized outer porphyrins and an inner phthalocyanine were prepared and their conditions of obtaining with better yield were studied. These complexes were characterized by UV/Vis. spectroscopy, H NMR mass spectrometry. In the second part we have reported the different strategies of interporphyrin coupling and the appropriate method for obtaining the "cage" complex in which a phthalocyanine ligand is encapsulated by two external porphyrinate ligands. The different parameters that govern this kind of systems are exposed.

Keywords: Meso-tetra.para-propargylphenylperphynate (Tp-PrOP) P; Meso tetra-para-aminophenylprophyrinate (Tp-H2NP) P; Phtalocyanine; octamethyl phtalocyaninate (Pc(Pme); octamethoxyphtalocyaninate (PcMe8); Ln= La; Ce; Gd

In the monarchy of modern engineering and technology, semiconductors stand as silent sentinels powering the revolution that touches nearly every facet of human life. From the smallest of wearable health monitors to the sprawling networks of global communication systems, semiconductors are the backbone of innovation, driving advancements that seemed like distant dreams mere decades ago. As an editorial member of Medicon Engineering Themes, I Sunil Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur, find the intersection of semiconductor technology with multidisciplinary fields particularly fascinating, underscoring the need for collaborative research and innovation in this domain.

One of the important factors for dry blend processes of Suspension Polyvinyl Chloride resin is porosity.

Many parameters have direct and indirect impacts on it.

Direct parameters are operationally controlled and related to the selection of a secondary emulsifier, know as a porisifier.

This parameter is controlled by Reaction Recipe parameters, including agitation intensity, emulsifier ratios, catalyst type, polymerizer temperature, conversion rate, interfacial tension, and PVA degree of polymerization.

On the other hand, the indirect parameters are related to system impurity levels in the reactor. Such impurities are originated from two main sources: namely, Vinyl Chloride monomer, (VCM), and charging water quality.

The application of Nano-Buffer materials in the polymerization phase has revealed the economical improvement of resin porosity.

The results have shown porosity improvements in some applications of around 7%, resulting in operating costs reduction of about 15% in some applications.

     Heap is a topic of interest among security researchers and exploit developers who are looking for vulnerabilities in modern-day software. The complexity of allocators like the one used by GLIBC incur a broad attack surface. Attackers can exploit an application by misusing the algorithms and metadata used by the memory allocator itself due to various flaws in the implementation. As a result, there are many exploitation techniques related to the heap. However, these vulnerabilities and exploit techniques are more difficult to understand as they can be dependent on the intricate details of how the allocators are implemented. While stack-based attacks have received significant attention and have various mitigations developed, heap-based attacks remain a persistent threat.

     This paper provides an analysis of the dynamic memory allocation mechanism used in GLIBC, one of the most widely used C library implementations. We describe the key implementation details of the memory allocator, including the use of segregated free lists, in-band metadata within heap chunks and support for multithreading using arenas. We then demonstrate how vulnerabilities can occur in the heap due to incorrect usage of the memory allocation facilities provided, such as use-after-free, invalid free, heap overflow, and others. To illustrate the severity of these vulnerabilities, we provide an overview of two heap exploit techniques: tcache poisoning and fast bin dup. This paper aims to help developers who want to understand how dynamic memory allocation works under the hood and how to avoid common pitfalls that can lead to serious security vulnerabilities.

Keywords: Heap exploitation; Memory corruption; Low-level vulnerabilities

With the flourishing development of autonomous driving technology and the increasing demand for convenient travel experiences, more and more researchers are diving into the development of efficient and reliable autonomous driving technology. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the main technologies of vehicle trajectory prediction in autonomous driving and comprehensively review the research status of vehicle trajectory prediction in autonomous driving over the past decade. It delves into the characteristics and differences of research based on physical methods, basic machine learning methods, and deep learning methods. Next, we focus on analyzing the currently mainstream deep learning-based vehicle trajectory prediction models. We utilize open-source datasets in the autonomous driving domain, such as the Argoverse dataset and the NuScenes dataset, as well as evaluation metrics like Average Displacement Error (ADE) and Final Displacement Error (FDE), to provide a detailed exposition and analysis of the progress made with existing technologies through research and experimentation. Finally, the article points out the possible directions for future breakthroughs in this field, aiming to guide readers and researchers to overcome existing technological bottlenecks and further promote the advancement of this field.

Keywords: Autonomous Driving; Vehicle Trajectory Prediction; Physics-based Methods; Machine Learning; Deep Learning

In this paper, the torsional vibration characteristics of series spring torsional damper for hybrid electric vehicle are studied. Firstly, dynamic software is used to build the physical simulation model of the hybrid transmission system under the direct drive acceleration condition, and the modal analysis of the transmission system is carried out, and the local mode of the series spring torsional damper is found. Through the torsional vibration analysis and real vehicle test of the hybrid power train, the influence of the local mode of the series spring torsional damper on the torsional vibration of the power train is confirmed, local modes can amplify the torsional vibration response of the drive train and cause the gear rattle problem. Secondly, the sensitivity analysis is carried out to find out the key influencing factors. Finally, the improved torsional damper is simulated to confirm the improvement effect. The conclusion provides a reference for the optimization of the series spring torsional damper.

Keywords: series spring torsional damper; series parallel hybrid; torsional vibration characteristics; angular acceleration

Exclusion based on stigma is distinguishable from other forms of marginalization because it depends on social consensus about the targets that tends to be shared among a set of people, and is often accompanied by a social justification or supportive ideology for moral segregation. Today more than ever, it is clear through the immense migratory movements, which the provision of a safe and stable place to live cannot be taken for granted. The current world does not offer the conditions of minimum habitability for millions of people. So, what happens when man and habitat do not coincide due to migrating movements? Most of the immigrating parties are uprooted human beings in search of land, looking for a corner in the planet to live, where everyone is entitled to basic rights and freedom. Immigration right is not an issue of ideology, historical debts or revenge, nor donations or contracts; it is a matter of commitment to the Fundamental Rights of Man to ensure a better global future. Considering immigrants world citizens and faced by this type of circumstances we should wonder, what kind of response do these human beings deserve from the self-named Space Designers? What is the true commitment of Urbanists and Architects, if any, within society? Do they have to take positions like that doctor who, forgetting his economic status, turns altruistically to the resolution of others’ pain? Does Culture establish binding commitments to those who are professionally prepared to exercise a job? Should it?

Log files are a great way to find out what's wrong with a system and how secure it is. They can be very large and have a complicated structure, which is why they are so useful. We use Machine Learning (ML) to find network anomalies and build different models that are driven by data to find DDoS attacks. The main goal of this article is to reduce the number of times that DDoS detection is wrongly labeled. In this paper, we describe a method for security analysis that uses Deep Learning techniques like simple LSTM, LSTM with embedding, and Seq-to-Seq LSTM on several systems log files to find and extract data that may be related to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks made by malicious users who want to break into a system. Through a process of learning, these data will help to find attacks, predict attacks, or find intrusions. In this study, we looked at how different optimizers, the size of the hidden state, and the number of layers affected the same architecture to find the best way to set it up. When compared to other models, the proposed model was able to correctly identify DoS/DDoS packets that had never been seen before with a 98.95% level of accuracy.

Keywords: DDoS Attack Detection; Cyber Physical System; LSTM; Deep Learning; Machine Learning

The article deals with interventions in the Moorish Pavilion or Moorish Castle in Manguinhos, in Rio de Janeiro, main monument of the architectural complex of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Fiocruz, one of the most significant and symbolic architectural ensembles in Brazil. It is the headquarters Fiocruz, under the supervision of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the most prominent institution of science and technology on health in Latin America. It was protected by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1980. The construction of the complex started in 1904 and the construction of the Moorish Pavilion started in 1905. It was on the initiative of the renowned Brazilian scientist Oswaldo Cruz and was designed by the Portuguese architect Luiz Moraes Júnior. The Moorish Pavilion, adopted the eclectic language and received the most varied influences of monuments, styles and decor: Montsouris Observatory (Paris, France), English railway stations, Elizabethan architecture (England, second half of the 16th century) and Moorish architecture (Iberian peninsula, 11th - 15th centuries, especially Alhambra Granada, Spain),  An architectural reading of the Moorish Pavilion will be made, examining the architectural language adopted; the material and building systems used in its construction; its meaning for the city and the heritage designation process, the surrounding environment in various periods, and the physical, functional and visual relationship with the city. Regarding the restoration works method, the following will be examined: causes of deterioration, diagnosis and state of conservation, interventions performed over the years, the project and methodology of the latest intervention. In the conclusion, the article will analyze the interventions undertaken in the light of the modern principles of cultural heritage preservation, the importance of the restoration works of the Moorish Pavilion Manguinhos, and its use as a public cultural and scientific space for the city.

Keywords: restoration; conservation; historical; scientific; cultural; heritage

Artificial Intelligence products have seen an unprecedented rise in the last few years, with GPT-3 and ChatGPT considered the most powerful AI tools in history. Recently, people have been concerned that services such as ChatGPT may be a threat to education. Specifically, teachers are concerned about students using the free and accessible tool as a Wikipedia replacement to complete homework and to write assignments for them. It poses importance for both researchers and practitioners in AI, and community stakeholders including teachers and parents, to understand the capability of AI text generative models in answering questions that may appear in an educational assessment or the school’s curriculum. In this research, we follow a widely adopted framework in defining educational question types, namely Bloom's taxonomy. We perform an experiment comparing the quality of answers retrieved from Google and GPT-3 on a series of questions identified along the hierarchy of Bloom’s taxonomy.

We summarize the capabilities and limitations of using GPT-3 to answer educational questions along Bloom's taxonomy. We discuss the implications on designing educational assessments to combat the threats introduced by such AI services.

Keywords: Generative language models; Question answering; AI in education; Bloom’s taxonomy

The process of obtaining antimony trioxide from Unified Mining Company S.A. (EMUSA) has two production lines. The refining slag from the second production line was stored since the plant started operations, registering high antimony contents which is the reason for this research project. To recover antimony from the slag, it was necessary to carry out a reducing fusion with slag using pyrometallurgical methods with ternary diagrams; FeO: Na₂O: SiO₂ and FeO: SiO₂: CaO the Sb recovery was done in two parts; the first part consisted of melting in a flame furnace and the second a melting in the IIMETMAT thermobalance. The flow of oxygen necessary for antimony recovery was 0.1 l/min higher flows oxidize antimony and lower recovery. The experiments showed that the reaction that controls the process is PbSb₂ O₆ + 6C= 2Sb + Pb + 6CO. For the melting in the flame furnace, the best slag ratio used was 35:15:50 with the system and with the system, the best ratio was 35:15:50, with Sb recoveries of 98% in both cases.

Keywords: Refining slag; Melting in the thermobalance; Antimony recovery

In recent years, there has been a notable shift from plastic packaging to fibre-based alternatives. Ensuring that fibre-based packaging maintains all functionalities of its plastic counterpart is essential. This research focuses on a specific aspect of this transition: the resistance to water and moisture.

A critical divergence in material properties between LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) and fibre-based materials lies in water resistance. The inherent lack of natural water resistance in fibre-based materials underscores the importance of coatings in the success of fibre-based packaging. To address this challenge, two specially designed coatings were developed in collaboration with chosen companies. Following to a promising lab testing phase, a dedicated testbench was constructed for practical real-life evaluations.

Close cooperation with a coating research company played a key role in unveiling the true potential of these coatings. Particularly, a bio-based coating emerged as a viable solution to enhance water resistance in paper packaging.

Keywords: Cobb test; water barrier; Recyclable; coating; sustainability

The demand for lightweight and high-performance materials in product design has increased recently in the automotive, marine, transportation, and aerospace industries (Schweitzer, 2003; Kaufman, 2000). In these kinds of enterprises, losing weight is necessary to increase fuel efficiency, increase payload capacity, and comply with greenhouse gas emission regulations. Using more sophisticated light materials is the most efficient technique to reduce weight without compromising design performance (Mouritz, 2012, Singh et al. 2019a-c). The industry offers a wide range of lightweight technical materials, such as alloys made of titanium, magnesium, and aluminium. Aluminium alloys are widely utilised in the aerospace, transportation, shipbuilding, and other industries due to their high strength to weight ratio and resistance to corrosive agents.

When considering the technical and systemic concerns of the sustainability of science centres as agents for science awareness, communication, engagement and education that are at the forefront of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the impact of science centres on the National System of Innovation (NSI) interventions should certainly be measured empirically, through monitoring, evaluation, and review mechanisms. This paper argues that science centres have a key role to play in Science, Technology and Innovative (STI) imperatives as well the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). To this end, the South African Framework for the Promotion of Excellence in a National Network of Science Centres (2005) is evaluated. Moreover, the positioning and role of science centres in this landscape is examined, in terms of science awareness, communication, engagement and education. The case study of the Sci-Bono Discovery Centre - the largest science centre in the Southern Hemisphere - will be utilised to further understand the role of science centres in the NSI, STI and the 4IR.

Keywords: science centres; policy; STI; 4IR; Sci-Bono Discovery Centre

In recent years, under the background of the raging of COVID-19, intensified regional conflicts and rising trade protectionism, global economic development has been seriously challenged. Many small countries with a single economic structure have been hit even more severely. Many of them are on the verge of economic collapse as domestic economic and social contradictions have intensified. This paper will analyze the reasons for Sri Lanka's national bankruptcy from three perspectives. It is hoped that more countries in a similar state can be warned and that international economic organizations can identify other countries that may be at risk of collapse more quickly and accurately and provide timely support to reduce economic losses and maintain national security. The paper will use methods such as literature analysis, data analysis and case analysis to try to explain the reasons for Sri Lanka's national bankruptcy. In the end, the article categorizes the reasons for Sri Lanka’s bankruptcy into three points: a) unresolved domestic economic problems for many years, b) three policies implemented under the misjudgment of the new government, and c) the fuse of COVID-19 and the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Keywords: Sri Lanka; Bankruptcy; Government Negligence; COVID-19; Russian-Ukrainian War

The essential question in this paper is if there would be a stable financial model which ensures sustainable way of financing health care, is it affordable for quality health care for all the citizens in North Macedonia? Therefore, through comparing and analyzing seven financial years of the Health Insurance Fund of the Republic of North Macedonia and in order to improve the health system, with the help of comparative analysis, we will determine the differences between the health systems and the way of financing health care in the Western Balkans, to identify and implement the positive experiences of the reforms. The study aims to analyze the distribution of the Health Fund budget, determining the reasons for changes in expenses for different categories of medical services, and exploring factors such as health packages, insured persons, and carrier-member correlations. Overall, a well-managed and adequately funded health system can improve the health and well-being of the population.

Keywords: Health Insurance Fund; Revenues; Expenses; Financial Stability

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is autologous blood product, that contains platelets concentration two to three times above normal blood level. As such, PRP is a rich source of different bioactive molecules including grow factors, enzymes, cytokines, and chemokines. Beside its regenerative properties, a limited number of studies has proven that PRP can induce antimicrobial effect against single growing pathogens and biofilms. Aim of this study was to analyze PRP antimicrobial effect against three most common biofilm forming bacteria, including S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial property of PRP was evaluated after 24 h of incubation with selected bacteria in Brain heart infusion (BHI) media using spectrophotometer with a light source of 600 nm. To check whether PRP can inhibit bacterial biofilm formation, after 24h incubation, tube screening test (TM) was applied. Bacteria treated with PRP and platelet poor plasma (PPP) were compared with untreated control, composed of bacteria growing spontaneusly in BHI media. PRP produced strong growth inhibiton in all tested bacteria when compared to bacteria treated with PPP and control group. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that PRP can induce antimicrobial effect on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. PRP also reduced biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa and E. coli. However, there was no effect on S. aureus biofilm formation.

Keywords: platelet-rich plasma (PRP); antimicrobial activity; biofilm

The environmental and socioeconomic effects of mining and human security challenges are a source of worry to most governments all over the world. It is a known fact that the extractive industry - mainly gold, diamond, manganese and crude petroleum contributes significantly to the national economy of most countries in Africa inclusive of Ghana. However, in spite of its importance to the national economy, its effects especially on the environment, the health of the people, food security, fundamental human rights of people in communities where illegal mining occurs affects the human security of the citizenry. Uncontrolled illegal mining is prevalent in Ghana even though there is a legal regime to check and control artisanal and small-scale mining. In view of its destructive consequences, a securitisation approach is usually used to justify the deployment of “security forces” to deal with the menace in view of the multiple dimensions of insecurities that is associated with illegal mining. The adoption and use of human security paradigm allows for the taking of a more integrative and holistic approach in dealing with the problem in the country. Studies on illegal mining in Ghana confirm that, poverty accounts for the main reason why people risk their lives to engage in the practice. This paper provides a review of the effects of illegal mining on human security in Ghana. It aims to reveal the multiple insecurities surrounding illegal gold mining in Ghana from a human security perspective. Further, the paper make recommendations for governance and policy reform in finding solution to the insecurities associated with the practice.

Keywords: illegal mining; human security; ‘Galamsey”; securitisation; poverty and governance

The goal of this paper is to research if there are any relationships between intellectual capital and “neuromarketing”. The first appears implicitly (because it results from skills to design technologies), while the second appears explicitly (in technologies such as “eye tracking”, GSR, FEA, fEMG, …). The literature on “neuromarketing” has focused on the consumption and promotion of products and/or services. Its practices, for research purposes, have faced obstacles on the part of companies, which make their evolution difficult. On the other hand, credibility is attributed to “neuromarketing” results if they coincide with what is expected. If they are not, nothing can be said, and only further research will be able to provide answers. In this case, paradoxically, it makes “neuromarketing” progress, once the obstacles associated with available information are removed. Finally, it is worth highlighting the fact that “neuromarketing” technologies reveal “ironic behaviors” in consumers (ironic revelation): what consumers reveal they prefer is opposite to what the application of technologies such as those mentioned above reveal.

Thus, the pillar of intellectual capital will be the source of the development of “neuromarketing” and vice-versa. This research makes it possible to highlight this contribution and the implications for better understanding the preferences revealed by consumers. However, there is still a long way to go to understand the origins of these changes.

Keywords: Intellectual Capital; Neuromarketing; Technologies Ironic Revelation

The application of the recently suggested probabilistic design for reliability (PDfR) concept [1-5], an important extension of the design-for-reliability (DfR) effort (see, e.g., [6]), enables improving the state-of-the-art in electronics and photonics reliability engineering by establishing and assuring the adequate reliability level in many critical reliability tasks in these areas engineering. This is particularly important in various human-in-the-loop (HITL) [7-9] situations, when the reliability of the equipment/instrumentation, both its hard- and software, and human(s) performance contribute jointly to the outcome of a critical mission or an extraordinary situation. The PDfR concept provides a way to predict the, in effect, never-zero probability of the field failure of the product of importance by putting the reliability predictions and assurances on a well substantiated quantified "reliable" basis. The concept does that mostly on the basis of the highly focused and highly cost effective failure-oriented-accelerated-testing (FOAT) [10-14] conducted on the design stage of a new technology, new design, or a new application of the existing technology or design, when the highly popular today highly-accelerated-life-testing (HALT) [15] does not yet exist for this product and technology, and suitable best practices have not been developed. Note that there are also two other FOAT types: those that are almost always conducted at the post-manufacturing stage and known as burn-in tests (BITs) [16-18] and those that are quite often conducted on the product development stage, such as, e.g., shear-off and temperature cycling tests.

A series of welding process tests were carried out for the pressure resistance spot welding (RSW) of the hexagonal tube and the grid frame component of MOX fuel assembly in CEFR. With the help of visual inspection, metallographic inspection and tensile test at room temperature, analyzing the influence trend of single welding parameter on the nugget diameter and mechanical properties. A set of optimal welding parameters is obtained by considering the influence of welding current, welding time and electrode pressure on the quality of welding joints. The results show that when the welding current is 3kA, the welding time is 8cyc (1cyc=1/50Hz), and electrode pressure is 350N, the diameter of the soldering core and the tensile force of the welding joints are relatively stable.

Keywords: CEFR; hexagonal tube; grid frame component; pressure resistance spot welding(RSW); welding process

In the last decade, research on gamification increased in various fields such as mobile apps, e-health, human resource management, business development, and e-learning. However, research on gamified mobile applications is still fragmented, and a systematic overview of gamification in education engineering is missing. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature review of 43 empirical studies to explore state of the art in integrating gamification approaches into mo- bile apps. The literature review covers gamification design elements, psychological outcomes, behavioral outcomes, research areas, and the effect of gamification. The results show that rewards are the most commonly used design element of gamification in mobile apps. Gamification has a potential impact on psychology and behavior and provides positive benefits. The review's findings extend the knowledge base by providing insight for further studies and the design of gamified education engineering systems.

Keywords: Gamification; Mobile apps; Systematic literature review

A population of 430 million people and above, or over a population of 5% of the world's population, needs therapy to treat their "disabled" hearing and speaking condition. These people have the option to learn sign language to communicate with others. Hence, our project mainly targets the deaf and mute community. Around 5000 images of hand gestures have been used and divided into 10 categories for live detection. The categories are mainly American Sign Language (ASL) and are consisted of the first 10 numbers. Our model can detect these ten hand motions and categorize them correctly. We used the You Only Look Once Version 5 algorithm. The algorithm consists of a backbone namely CSPDarknet53, in which an SPP block is accustomed to accelerating the speed of the receptive field responsible to set apart prime traits and confirming that network operation speed is inclining in speed. The neck of the algorithm, PAN, is added to aggregate the parameters from different backbone levels. This model is very easy to use and understand and gives an accuracy above 98%. That is why we chose YoloV5 as our model for object detection due to its simplicity in usage. Therefore, an artificial sign language detection system has been suggested in this study which incorporates deep learning and image processing method. This study also gives a comparison between the two models to give a better understating of why we marked YoloV5 as a better algorithm even though both models gave an accuracy of above 98%. We believe that making a hand gesture detection system will encourage individuals to communicate with people who cannot hear or speak. That being the case, we aim to make the lives of the disabled better.

Keywords: Sign Language Detection; Deep Learning; YoloV5

Brain is the contolling centre of our body. As time changes, more modern and new mind diseases are being observed and identified. Accordingly, due to the range of brain diseases that are present, recent diagnosis or detection structures have been tough and nonetheless an open hassle for its studies. Detection of brain sickness in early stage could make a huge difference in an attempt to treat them. Current diagnosis systems are getting difficult and detection systems are still an open hassle for studies.

Keywords: MRI image; Brain tumor; Image pre processing; Matlab software

In South Africa, adopting a paradigm of “Futuristic Science Engagement" is particularly important. It is about finding that intricate balance between hindsight, insight and foresight. In other words, such a paradigm can be synthesised through the combination of learnings from the past, accurate analysis of the present, and a holistic vision for the future. Indeed, the world is changing rapidly, evolving in real-time, partly due to the ingenuity and innovations of science practitioners. However, within the broader context of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), there are many actors and agents, experts and laypeople alike, who feed into the country’s National System of Innovation (NSI). Inputs into the NSI to cultivate and generate synergistic outputs include the political, economic, and social, over and above the STI aspects. This paper proposes a holistic barometer for measuring the impact of STI interventions. It argues that a synthesis of futuristic science, if defined as a convergence of hindsight, insight and foresight, requires an integrated approach that includes policy imperatives, socio-economic imperatives, epistemological imperatives, and ethical imperatives. To this end, the historical journey of South Africa’s NSI, its policy frameworks, and its continental commitments based on African Union policies are traced as the hindsight component; the socio-economic status as well as South Africa’s current standing in the 2023 Global Innovation Index (GII), are engaged to draw out relevant insights. Discourse on knowledge production that has contextual integrity, which speaks to the epistemological foundations of the system, as well as the role of the ethical in the era of a Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), are the foresight components to be considered.

Keywords: Policy; socio-economic; epistemological; ethical; STI; 4IR

Although I’ve been studying and applying the Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) of the Project Management Institute (PMI) since its first edition in 1996, and although for various reasons I attended twice the 35 hours’ related preparation course for the Project Management Professional (PMP) certification exam, I never applied for such certification. Nevertheless, three years ago, at the age of 64, almost at the end of my forty years, very rewarding career, I submitted my qualifications and the required report on one of my last projects, sustained a long and tough interview, and finally got the Project Manager Certification according to ISO 21500 - and to the related Italian UNI 21500 and UNI 11648 - which reflects faithfully the PMBoK: as a matter of fact, representatives of both the PMI and the International Project Management Association (IPMA) were on the board who wrote the international regulation, together with the representatives of the 25 national standard unification agencies that promoted the ISO 21500.

This paper presents the results of a k - ε turbulence model for a rectangular airfoil problem using standard Comsol Multiphysics solvers. Flow around a rectangular airfoil was studied at Reynolds numbers of 10 000 < Re < 2 000 000 and angle of attack α = 0°-20°. Results were obtained for speed, pressure and other parameters for different angle values. The implementation of the Comsol Multiphysics software package showed good convergence, stability and high accuracy of the model.

Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations; Comsol Multiphysics

Nowadays, several video movement classification methodologies are based on reading and processing each frame using image classification algorithms. However, it is rare to find approaches using angle distribution over time. This paper proposes video movement classification based on the exercise states calculated from each frame’s angles. Different video classification approaches and their respective variables and models were analyzed to achieve this, using unstructured data: images. Besides, structure data as angles from critical joints Armpits, legs, elbows, hips, and torso inclination were calculated directly from workout videos, allowing the implementation of classification models such as the KNN and Decision Trees. The result shows these techniques can achieve similar accuracy, close to 95%, concerning Neural Networks algorithms, the primary model used in the previously mentioned approaches. Finally, it was possible to conclude that using structured data for movement classification models allows for lower performance costs and computing resources than using unstructured data without compromising the quality of the model.

Keywords: Machine Learning; computer vision; KNN; mediapipe; supervised classification; video classification; deep learning; tensorflow; neural network; workout; fitness; exercise; signal

The powerful narrow beam of single wavelength light that laser produces was the first “solution looking for the problem in 1960”. Theodore Maiman created it 1960 by illuminating a high-power flash light on a ruby rod on a silver coated surface at California’s Hughes Research Laboratory. From the most cutting-edge quantum physics labs to hospital. Laser is now ubiquitous in modern science and technology. When a laser heats up its target, a phenomenon known as photothermal interaction occurs. Proteins are denaturized, mitochondrial membrane permeability is enhanced and the mitochondria eventually evaporate. In this paper Monte-Carlo simulation method is used for the Laser tissue interaction.

This study aims to understand the temperature distribution in a multi-layered skin model during laser-induced thermotherapy for cancer treatment. model includes the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, muscle, blood, and an embedded tumour. The study systematically investigates the effects of various parameters such as wavelength, laser intensity, tumour absorption coefficient, and irradiation time. Proposed model can explore both the individual and combined effects of the parameters on the temperature distribution in the skin model by methodically varying the parameters. The findings may help to improve laser-induced thermotherapy, which may result in more precise and efficient skin treatment.

Keywords: Laser; Tissue; Monte-Carlo simulation

The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates four times in a row, twice by 75 basis points from June to July, totaling 150 basis points, since 2022 in an effort to reduce the rising inflation in the United States. This is the most important development since 1980. After the rate hike in July, the policy rates of the United States have reached a range from 2.25% to 2.50%, which is widely considered by dozens of people as a "neutral rate" level. Since the U.S. dollar is the dominant international currency and controls the world's financial, monetary, and trade settlement systems, the Fed's interest rate hike has an impact on the world financial market. Bitcoin has become a financial asset traded on a global scale and has gradually become popular in financial market transactions. With the Fed's rate hike, a considerable number of investors in the cryptocurrency market are very concerned about the impact of the Fed rate hike on Bitcoin, and then reassess the risks to ensure their own interests. This paper searches and obtains data on the Bitcoin price and USD/CNY exchange rate from June 1, 2021 to August 15 2022. This paper uses VAR and ARMA-GARCH models to study the impact of the USD-CNY exchange rate changes on the rate of return and volatility of Bitcoin.

Keywords: US; Federal Reserve Bank; rate hike; USD; CNY; ARMA-GARCH model

In a Real Time System, when a high priority task is scheduled, it preempts ongoing lower priority tasks and sometimes it preempts even the kernel too. In normal cases, the time needed for the preemption is too small and hence is not considered in task scheduling. But, in some mission critical hard real time systems, even a small fraction of a second should be taken into account as it could affect the deadline. This research work proposes two models - embedded model and software model, among which the latter has been used for the experiment that calculates the kernel preemption time. The hardware model consists of a triangular wave generator called TRIANG that takes timer values from real time tasks and sends outputs to a comparator module. Finally, the comparator compares the time differences, and hence, calculates the kernel preemption time. Whereas the software model uses the RT-Linux architecture in which device drivers are used instead of hardware components. A high precision timer clock is also used to measure the task release times.

The results from the experiments show that the release time jitter due to the kernel preemption is found to be fluctuating in the range of -94 and +93 microseconds in 3% of the cases. So, the kernel preemption time for the hard and mission critical real time systems is taken to be less than 99 microseconds. Whereas 85% of the cases have release time jitters of single digit only. So, the kernel preemption time in average case is considered to be less than 9 microseconds.

Keywords: Real Time System; Triangular Wave Generator; Task Scheduling; Kernel Preemption Time

     In the realm of cutting-edge technologies, quantum computing stands as one of the most revolutionary and promising fields. While classical computers have served us well for decades, they are reaching their limitations when faced with complex problems like optimization, cryptography, and simulating quantum systems. Quantum computing harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in ways that classical computers cannot, opening the door to new possibilities in various domains. Quantum computers can solve problems that are impossible or would take a traditional computer an impractical amount of time - a billion years to solve.

     Since the early 20th century, when the atom was first investigated, quantum physics has defied logic. It turns out that atoms do not apply the standard principles of physics. Quantum particles have the capacity to "teleport," move through time, and exist in two places at once. The goal of quantum computers is to exploit these unusual behaviors. At the heart of quantum computing lies the concept of qubits, which are the quantum counterpart of classical bits. While conventional bits can only represent a 0 or a 1, qubits can simultaneously exist in both states. This unique property allows quantum computers to perform multiple calculations at once, offering a potential for exponential speedup in specific tasks.

Sustainability plays a crucial role in engineering across various disciplines and industries. It involves designing and implementing solutions that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the context of engineering, sustainability encompasses environmental, social, and economic considerations. Here's how sustainability influences engineering:

Environmental Impact Reduction: Engineers have a significant impact on the environment through the products and systems they design. Sustainability in engineering involves minimizing resource consumption, reducing pollution, and minimizing the release of harmful emissions and waste. This can be achieved through efficient design, materials selection, energy-efficient technologies, and waste reduction strategies.

The growth of the car industry is now closely linked to the rise of the number of car accidents. As a result, insurance companies must deal with several claims at the same time while also addressing claims leakage. To resolve these issues, we propose a car damage detection system based on Mask Scoring RCNN. The experiment first makes a dataset by collecting car damage pictures of different types and on different angels for pre-processing then use Mask scoring RCNN for training. It is envisaged that this method would assist insurance in correctly classifying the damage and reducing the time spent on damage detection. The test results demonstrate that the proposed system has better masking accuracy in the case of complex images, allowing the car damage detection duty to be completed swiftly and easily.

Keywords: Computer vision; Mask Scoring RCNN; Car-damage detection; Mask detection accuracy

The process of sorting onions systematically is called onion sorting. Manual onion sorting is preferred at the wholesale market and in the farming, sector based on different parameters such as size, shape, quality, etc. It is not however a more efficient, consistent, and time-consuming method. In the market, there are systems that can sort single onions based on a single set of parameters. To replace this traditional way of sorting onions, In this paper we are introducing “Automatic Quality Based Onion Sorting Mechanism Using Raspberry pi”. The proposed system combines an automatic onion sorting mechanism with an image processing technique and classification algorithm. E.g., quality-based analysis. This machine can be used for agricultural purposes, and it can also be employed in the food industry.

Keywords: Automatic; Quality; algorithm; image processing; sorting

This research paper thoroughly investigates the complex interconnection between intellectual property laws and economic progress, providing a detailed analysis of their influence on fostering innovation. Through a methodical exploration, this study traces the historical evolution of intellectual property laws, scrutinizing patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The paper delves into how intellectual property laws play a crucial role in encouraging innovation across diverse sectors, underscoring their importance in attracting investments, promoting entrepreneurial endeavours, and driving technological progress. Utilizing an extensive literature review and case studies, the research sheds light on the challenges encountered in the implementation of these laws, including concerns about accessibility, patent trolling, and ethical quandaries.

Moreover, the study puts forth policy recommendations for policymakers, advocating for balanced intellectual property laws that safeguard the rights of innovators while ensuring fair access to knowledge. The paper also underscores the significance of global collaboration and the standardization of intellectual property norms to establish a supportive atmosphere for innovation and economic advancement worldwide. By offering valuable insights and actionable suggestions, this research paper significantly enhances our comprehension of the pivotal role played by intellectual property in shaping a dynamic, inventive, and just society.

eSIM will be used widely as it is easy to control, can be filled in for different IMSI requirements, is stable for moving. It can be equipped for vehicles T-Box, post terminal of banks, CPE, and other modules moving. As the secret key is installed in the eSIM, does not open to other people except for operators, the boxes using eSIM are difficult to be checked if they work fine. This problem is from billions of boxes. They will benefit from our solution. The factory default setting of eSIM will save plenty of time and a lot of human resource for testing, at the same time, eSIM can be promoted.

Keywords: eSIM; secret; vehicle; card

In the 21st century, one technological marvel stands out among the rest, promising to revolutionize industries, reshape economies, and redefine the very nature of human interaction with machines. Artificial Intelligence (AI), once confined to the realm of science fiction, has firmly established itself as a driving force in today's world. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable, but with great power comes great responsibility.

     Hydrogen production around the world continues to grow rapidly.

     Analyzing some hundred projects already active or under construction across the planet, in the United States, Europe and China, even though in very distinct ways and with different targets, we are searching all the reasons, numbers and goals in details, to understand how our world could benefit from it, in the field of e-mobility, but also of heating and industrial applications.

     To fully understand where the energy sector is heading with this new “water-based fuel”, or even “valuable alternative to natural gas”, it is important to place it briefly within the world economy.

     Imagine a substance largely present in the universe, with good energy efficiency which, if produced correctly, can be 100% sustainable and useful for powering all those machineries and systems that cannot be equipped with a battery pack or with a traditional engine, and therefore do not depend exclusively on electricity from the public grid or renewable, or even from fossile.

Construction in Cape Coast Metropolis has been impacted by the cost increase of public building construction projects in Ghana. The goal of this study was to evaluate how well Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly (C.C.M.A.) construction projects performed in terms of cost. The study used a qualitative approach to gather its data. During the fieldwork period, forty (40) structured questionnaires were given to contractors working on C.C.M.A. projects. The data analysis was done using the Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the results were displayed using relative index ranking and descriptive statistics. The survey results show that the main causes of cost overruns in projects within the C.C.M.A. were variations in material prices, differences in currency exchange rates, high machinery costs, inaccurate or inadequate estimates of the original cost, and frequent variations or change orders. The study makes the following recommendations: projects should have an adequate scope, effective project costing and finance, and qualified staff should be used in the administration of the projects.

Keyword: Cost of material; budget escalation; high cost of material; labour shortage; material shortage

India, a diverse nation, stands to be a unique democracy today because of the forces that shaped its policies and structure. The oppression of the colonial rule inspired independence, sovereignty, and other core values of the current government. A diverse and pluralistic society was accommodated through a representative government that committed itself to democracy. Its legacy as a colonized state made the agenda clear: to avoid a concentration of power and to give the people a voice. This was exercised through political processes like elections. Eventually, the structure and the very functioning of the state were formed through the influence of these factors. This paper will elaborate on the current political structures in India and the role of the agents.

Keywords: India; President; Parliament; Minister

According to increasingly environment problem, the concept of green development is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people gradually, and the development direction and navigation mark of the global society and economy has been turning to be green, healthy and sustainable. And there is a huge gap in the green development in the realistic foundation between the developed countries and China. We, therefore, can not copy foreign experience, and must conduct in-depth study of the green finance and the impact on the sustainable development. Otherwise, we need create a more effective evaluation system with innovation and development. The research on the evaluation of green finance serving green development has significant theoretical and practical value. The article by analyzing experience in severing from green finance for green development in the domestic and overseas, such performances in severing from green finance for green development were put forward.

Keywords: Green Finance; Green Development; Achievements and shortcoming; Social economy

     Automation is neither a purely positive force nor an entirely negative one. It's more like a process, and its impact depends on your perspective. In simple terms, automation involves using technology to handle tasks or create products. Keep in mind that humans create technology; technology doesn't create humans. Let's break this down further.

      For some people, like those with disabilities, automation is a boon. It allows them to lead happier lives by using technology. In today's society, where differently-abled individuals might face challenges and lack motivation due to societal attitudes, automation becomes a crucial tool. It enables them to experience the world on their terms. Even if they have physical limitations, they can still excel and make a positive impact thanks to automation.

This investigation aims to analyze models and methods for evaluating e-learning format training and education. It addresses evaluation approaches, the impact of authors in related research, and aspects to consider in future studies to enhance the efficacy of e-learning programs.
The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. A comprehensive review is conducted to identify models and evaluation methods used in e-learning training. Data from empirical and theoretical studies, as well as author contributions, are analyzed to identify patterns and gaps.
Interviews with e-learning experts will provide qualitative insights into potential improvements for future research. Initial explorations were undertaken to identify search tactics, keywords, and data sources, spanning 2012-2021 in WOS, and focusing on 2012, 2017, and 2021 in Scopus. Document selection for review and analysis is based on inclusion and quality criteria.
Results highlight the use of multidimensional models, including pre and post-tests, cross-sectional evaluation at various points, diverse instruments (Likert Scale, Focus Groups, Interviews), and self-efficacy.
The primary limitations concern the lack of long-term follow-up, raising questions about result stability. A longitudinal study is suggested. The research aims to provide insights into e-learning training evaluation and guide future investigations in this domain.
Keywords: Online Training; Educational Evaluation; Training Methodology; E-Learning; Training Effectiveness

The Industry4WRD readiness assessment (RA) model is a valuable tool for manufacturing companies to identify gaps and develop improvement plans for implementing Industry 4.0 concepts. It aligns with global implementation initiatives and has the potential to become a practical guideline and standard for Industry 4.0 implementation worldwide. With the competitiveness of manufacturing SMEs playing a crucial role in Malaysia's economy, it is imperative for these SMEs to embrace Industry 4.0 and enhance their global competitiveness. The Industry4WRD RA program, organized by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), offers SMEs the opportunity to participate and align with Industry 4.0 through a structured assessment process. This paper presents the methodology and processes of applying the Industry4WRD RA model, including the results from a case study conducted on two manufacturing SMEs. The quantitative and qualitative findings explore the relationship between various shift factors, thrusts, and dimensions, defining the SMEs' Industry 4.0 readiness profiles. These results help SMEs identify their current baseline, pinpoint gaps, and develop improvement plans for full-scale implementation of Industry 4.0. The research serves as a reference for future work and enhancements in this field.

Keywords: Industry 4.0; Industry4WRD; SMEs; SIRI; Readiness Assessment

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the manufacturing sector including Malaysia, causing supply chain disruptions, decreased demand, and production shutdowns. This has resulted in a decrease in output and disruptions to global trade, with some sectors rebounding while others continue to struggle. Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, cloud computing, and real-time data visualization dashboard can assist manufacturers in overcoming these challenges by increasing flexibility, efficiency, and resilience in their operations. Real-time data visualization dashboard tools, a technology from Industry 4.0, can provide operational insights into manufacturing processes, and help identify areas for improvement. These platform can also assist in remote monitoring, management, and predictive analysis, which can help manufacturers mitigate the effects of the pandemic and become more resilient in the face of future disruptions. This research studies among Malaysia's manufacturers have found that the majority agree that Industry 4.0 is more valuable during and at post-pandemic, with real-time data visualization tools being the most important elements for tackling the top issues such as inventory management and process yield improvement. However, many manufacturers are still in the pilot run, and there are challenges to be faced in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase, including managing organizational mindset, culture, and customer needs.

Keywords: COVID-19; Industry 4.0; Industry4WRD; Manufacturing; Data Visualization; Dashboard

Intrusion Detection System is software or hardware that checks a network for malicious activities. Each illegal activity is often recorded either centrally using a Security information and event management (SIEM) system or notified to an administration. This paper proposes an intrusion detection system using machine learning algorithms such as decision trees, random forests and explainable AI (XAI) using a real-world Software-Defined Networking (SDN) dataset. The evaluation includes various intrusion scenarios like network scanning, denial of service (DoS) attacks, and unauthorized access attempts. Random Forest exhibits the best performance, achieving an average training accuracy of 99.23%, while the decision tree achieves 98.78% accuracy. The result of this study contributes to the advancement of intrusion detection systems and fosters the development of resilient security solutions in the realm of SDN. The research highlights the importance of leveraging ML algorithms in effectively identifying and mitigating network intrusions, ultimately enhancing the security of SDN environments.

Keywords: Decision Tree; Intrusion Detection; Random Forest; XAI; LIME

Electroencephalography, a technique for observing the electrical activity of the brain, is the approach that holds the most promise for achieving practical BCI applications. Before becoming widely used, EEG-based BCIs will need to make a lot of scientific advancements, but more crucially, they will cause a number of social, ethical, and legal issues. Researchers reviewed current commercial brain-computer interface devices and talked about the main technological constraints and ethical issues with them.

Keywords: augment; brain computer interfaces; ethics

Neural network models have been exploited since the late ‘80s and ‘90s to solve real-world problems, based on the then contemporary developments such as the back propagation learning algorithm. Over the last decade, the availability of massive data sets, enhanced computational resources, and further developments in algorithms have led to an explosive growth in the use of neural networks in machine learning and artificial intelligence. They showcase the state-of-the-art performance in artificial intelligence applications, all the way from speech comprehension and image recognition to cross-modality translation. In parallel, however, an analogously related perspective, elegantly relating the spheres of cognitive neurobiology and machine learning, has spurred interest. All the more, both sides of this stance seem to entail far-reaching implications.

This research focuses on the industrial development of Istanbul and the planning of housing and industrial areas. It examines the city's urban agenda, which is dominated by internal and transnational migrations, population growth, housing problems, and the process of opening new housing areas over many years. Another significant issue is the planning of industrial areas and their impact on the city. Climate-related issues and agreements like the Paris Agreement in 2015 emphasized the detrimental effects of industrialization, uncontrolled urban sprawl, decreasing green areas, industrial pollution, and high carbon emissions in cities, making them more problematic. The problem of uncontrolled development of residential and industrial areas has persisted for many years. The idea of permanently moving industrial areas outside the city, to nearby towns, has been long known idea proposed at the beginning of the 20th century. However, various political challenges and other factors have hindered the effective implementation of this approach. The main concern is that this problem poses a potential threat to the future sustainability of the city. The research examines the reflection of industrialization and urban planning over nearly a century, up to the present day, by analyzing the planning reports of the Istanbul municipality and government policies on the subject. The findings indicate the importance of zoning applications in the planning of industrial and residential areas, as applied in world cities like London and Paris. However, the idea of decentralizing industrial areas in the city, though theoretically supported in development plans and reports, faces challenges in practice, affecting the city's future sustainability. The research highlights the complexities involved in addressing industrialization and planning issues in Istanbul, emphasizing the need for effective policies and strategies aligned with sustainability principles and long-term urban development.

Keywords: City Planning; Climate Change Industrial Areas; Istanbul; Residential Areas