Medicon Publications

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms preexisting beliefs, and significantly impacts healthcare and patient outcomes. This literature review explores the various impacts of confirmation bias on medical professionals, patients, caregivers, etc, and draws from a variety of studies, observations, and surveys. For healthcare providers, confirmation bias can result in diagnostic errors, specified treatment decisions, and biased/skewed interpretation of data regarding a patient which has detrimental effects on clinical judgments and healthcare quality. Similarly, on the patient side, confirmation bias influences health behaviors, following medical advice, and thoughts regarding illnesses, which cause adverse health outcomes. The review emphasizes key mechanisms by which confirmation bias appears in clinical settings, including cognitive heuristics, diagnostic anchoring, and patient-practitioner interactions. Furthermore, the review discusses ways to alleviate the negative impacts of confirmation bias, such as incorporating specified guidelines, increasing training and awareness, and enhancing open communication. By understanding current research, this literature review emphasizes the need for proactive measures addressing confirmation bias to improve decision-making processes and healthcare solutions/outcomes in medical practice.

Digital devices have become essential in our lives. They're used for work, school, and fun. In particular mobile gaming has become more popular, especially among young adults. Millions of people play games on mobile which keeps growing yearly. Mobile gaming is becoming increasingly popular, with serious health concerns. The visual and physical demands during prolonged mobile gaming due to smaller screen size and poor posture, have potentially negative consequences such as visual problems, musculoskeletal discomfort, sleep disorders, stress, and behavioral concerns. Despite these issues, mobile gaming has cognitive advantages, such as better memory, concentration, problem-solving abilities, and response times, particularly in action games. Adopting good gaming habits with a balanced diet is crucial to reducing health concerns. Addressing the health consequences of mobile gaming is critical as its popularity grows, demanding further study to better understand long-term implications and develop effective measures for encouraging healthy gaming behaviors.
Keywords: Mobile gaming; Health; Digital Devices; Ocular health

VI is a worldwide societal issue with significant economic and social consequences. This review provides an overview of the economic burden due to the direct costs of health care, loss of productivity, and costs of informal care. In developed countries such as the United States, the estimated cost of VI from an economic viewpoint is in billions of dollars annually. In developing countries, such as India, the economic loss is even more. The review also underlines the consequences of socio-economic inequity, which further heightens the burden that is imposed by VI, especially in those settings where eye care services are scarce. These results point to the urgent need for better eye care infrastructure and targeted public health interventions, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, to reduce economic and social burdens from VI and improve quality of life among affected individuals.
Keywords: vision impairment; economic burden; health care costs; productivity loss; socio-economic inequalities; eye care services

Infectious keratitis(infectious corneal ulceration) is the fifth leading cause of preventable blindness globally. However, it continues to be a neglected health problem, and is rarely considered to be an environmental work hazard. This is surprising since 20 % to 92 % of infectious keratitis, especially in Asia, is reported to occur following ocular trauma in workers engaged in agricultural chores or other forms of outdoor manual labour. Reported traumatising agents include mud and dust particles and plant material (leaves, tree branches, paddy grain), cow’s tail, sticks, stones and iron particles. Any form of corneal damage is a potential threat to vision, and unilateral or bilateral corneal blindness resulting from infectious keratitis is a devastating economic and psychological occurrence for any individual. Individuals with unilateral or bilateral corneal opacity arising from infectious keratitis have been found to suffer from disturbances in vision-specific mobility (general function), psychosocial vision and visual symptoms, resulting in a poorer vision-related quality of life than normal individuals. Treatment of infectious keratitis may take several days, hence cost of treatment may be prohibitive. Since prompt prophylactic treatment of corneal abrasions with antibacterial and antifungal ointment has been shown to prevent occurrence of infectious keratitis, committed grassroots workers and a fairly extensive rural health network are needed to make this a reality. Campaigns (either official or by word of mouth) are needed make the general public aware of this condition and its possible prevention.
Keywords: infectious keratitis; ocular trauma; prevention; vision-specific quality of life

Background: Right atrial thrombus (RAT) is a rare finding that is almost exclusively found complicating pulmonary embolism (PE) and carries a high mortality rate. Emergency treatment is usually required to save life. There is no algorithmic approach of the management of this condition due to the lack of evidence-based guidelines and randomized control trials. Management of RAT is still a subject of debate.
Objective: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of thrombolysis in resolution of right atrial thrombus.
Case Report: Sixty one year-old female, presented with a history of fainting, exertional dyspnea, easy fatigability, and lower limb swelling. A transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a right atrial mass that was moving into right ventricle. Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
The patient was thrombolysed with tenectaplase and a repeat TTE confirmed that the thrombus had resolved with and improvement in the patient’s clinical symptoms.
Discussion: This demonstrates thrombolysis is a rapid and life-saving therapeutic measure reducing the risk of death from thromboembolism.
Keywords: Cardiac Thrombus; Pulmonary Thromboembolism; Thrombolysis

Although relatively rare in developed countries, ileal perforations of typhoid origin are a public health problem in developing countries, particularly in Mali.

The aim of our study was to study ileal perforations of typhoid origin in the surgery department of the Sominé Dolo Hospital in Mopti.

This was a prospective study that took place from November 1, 2017 to October 31, November 2018, i.e. 12 months.

During this study, we observed 58 cases of ileal perforations of typhoid origin, i.e. 8.41% of emergency consultations.

It is a pathology of young people with an average age of 19.7 years.

We found a predominance of men (63.8% males) with a sex ratio of 1.76.

Emergency was the most frequent method of recruitment (91.4%).

The mean time to consultation was 13.1 days after symptoms.

Among the signs suggestive of intestinal perforation, abdominal pain (100%), abdominal defense or contracture (100%), pain on digital rectal examination (94.9%) and abolition of abdominal breathing (74.1%) were the most frequent. Radiography of the abdomen without preparation taking the diaphragmatic cupolas suspected the diagnosis of intestinal perforation through the intercosto-diapragmatic crescent gas in 53.4% of cases.

Widal's serodiagnosis was positive in 74.1% of cases.

Excision-suture was the most used operative technique in our series (58.6%).

Early morbidity was 51.5% and overall mortality was 29.3%, i.e.

17 deaths out of 58 cases of ileal perforations of typhoid origin.

Keywords: Peritonitis; Typhoid; Perforation; Ileum; Surgery

The possibility of regenerating teeth in people who lose them for varied different reasons is the following step that scientists involved in Regenerative cure are aiming for. The idea of replacing missing teeth with an own individual’s regenerated natural teeth is every Dentist's dream!

Epilepsy monitoring equipment has recently shown innovative promises for metaverse-integrated devices tailored for professional pediatric use. The specification emphasizes critical biomechanical elements, including structure-to-topology optimization, for weight and durability. Key components are collected by a scoped review of books from the identification used for the design. Key components reveal high-stress areas, optimize material efficiency, and ensure biocompatibility through careful material selection. Ergonomics and comfort are prioritized for long-term wear by children, along with considerations for the device's lifespan and durability. The device's integration with Metaverse facilitates real-time monitoring and more extended data collection. The specification also outlines qualification and validation protocols. Further refinement could benefit from additional details, as simulating sensor placement, specific wear locations, and data on typical wear patterns and stress points.
Keywords: Biomechanics; User Requirements; IoT-based device; Epilepsy monitoring; Mechanical design

In the Republic of Guinea, many populations still suffer of water shortages today, particularly in the capital Conakry. The reasons include the rapid increase in population and the lack of water supply infrastructure as well as the degradation of certain fresh water resources due to human activities. In this context, new water supply technologies must be considered. This paper propose a model for transforming seawater into drinking water. The method used is thermal distillation. To achieve this objective, seawater samples were collected in Banares beach to determine the physicochemical parameters before and after treatment using electrometric and nephelometric experimental technic. Ten (10) liters of seawater were treated and 1.5 liters obtained after thermal distillation process. The seawater physicochemical parameters were compared before and after treatment. The results shown dissolved salt rate went from 95g/l to 0.7g/l after treatment (thermal distillation). The pH varied from 5.56 to 6.89 respectively before and after treatment (thermal distillation) showing a decrease of the seawater acidity. The conductivity before and after treatment are respectively 174300 and 1402 µs/cm indicating a drastic reduction of the seawater conductivity. The turbidity varied from 92.7 to 1.11 UTN respectively before and after treatment.
Keywords: Model; Desalination; Distillation; Seawater; Thermal; Transformation

The effects of multiple earthquakes of different frequency content on the global response of steel building are presented in this paper. Multiple earthquakes forming sequences as mainshock-aftershock pairs, three (3) steel moment resisting frames of 10-storey (H10), 15-storey (H15) and 20-storey (H20) were analyzed according to the code provisions of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 using sequential nonlinear response history analyses. The frequency content of mainshock and aftershock records were varied based on the PGA/PGV ratio. The result produced expected differences in structural responses conditional on the frequency content and the dynamic characteristics of each model. The outcome is measurable differences in the structural response, with the inter-storey drift and other structural response parameters changing due to the different frequency characteristics of the aftershocks. It is expected that the conclusions drawn in this paper will lead to an improvement of the IS 1893 with regards to multiple earthquake effect for an improved design and construction of steel frame structures in India, which will lead to better seismic performance.
Keywords: foreshock; aftershock; ground motion; frequency content; steel building; earthquake

The X-ray is a fantastic invention that has found widespread use in the medical area and as a metal detector, among other things. However, because the conventional X-ray generating technique requires a high voltage of several kilovolts, it is expensive. Here, we've presented a reliable technique that makes use of quantum technology to produce X-rays with just a few volts. In addition, we have implemented an X-ray method for the identification of lung and breast cancer. The next step is precisely positioning gold nanowires for tailored drug delivery. The interaction of light with metal nanoparticles has been studied for a very long time, both theoretically and experimentally. Silver and gold nanoparticles, which usually have sizes between 5 and 150 nm, are very interesting because they have the ability to modify their binding affinity. This means that the formulation of the nanoparticles may be perfectly matched to a particular type of cancer by excitation with the resonance of the generated X-ray spectrum range. On the other hand, when these particles are arranged as grating elements in a gold nanowire network structure (AuNW), several interesting occurrences take place.
Keywords: Molecular FCN; QHO; X-ray; AuNW; Targeted drug delivery

This editorial explores the implementation of Digital Twin technology in personalized medicine. By creating virtual replicas of physical assets, Digital Twins enable real-time monitoring and data analysis, leading to significant improvements in equipment reliability and performance. This technology facilitates early detection of potential failures, reduces downtime, and optimizes maintenance schedules. Digital Twin technology stands out as a game-changer, bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds. A Digital Twin is a highly detailed virtual model that serves as the real-time digital counterpart of a physical object or system. This innovative technology has found applications across various sectors, from manufacturing to urban planning. However, its most promising and transformative impact is being witnessed in the field of healthcare.

After China's exchange rate reform, the exchange rate has changed more frequently. The foreign exchange market has an increasing impact on the securities market. This paper analyzes the link between Tesla's stock price and exchange rate of the renminbi against US dollar by establishing VAR model and ARMA-GARCHX model. In the empirical analysis, this paper uses Tesla's daily stock price from June 29, 2010, to June 9, 2023 and the daily exchange rate in the same period as the research data. And the unit root test, impulse response analysis and ARMA GARCHX estimation are used to test the data. Through empirical analysis, this paper concludes that the exchange rate will indeed have an impact on Tesla's stock price, and this impact is mainly negative. Compared with other studies in the same field, the research object selected in this paper is more detailed and specific. This study helps to predict the change of Tesla's share price and preserve the stability of financial markets in the event of exchange rate changes, and investors, policy makers and Tesla itself can also adjust their strategies and plans according to this law. Policy makers can apply the conclusions of this paper to affect the stock market by manipulating exchange rate changes.
Keywords: Exchange rate; Stock Price; VAR Model; ARMA-GARCHX Model

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station, Paiyur, India during January 2012 - July 2014 to assess the efficacy of the TNAU talc and liquid commercial formulations of the native bio agents Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and Trichoderma viridi, as turmeric rhizome treatment, soil application, foliar spray and in combination so as to develop nematode centric ipm and to standardize the management practices for nematode disease complex in turmeric. IPM module viz., turmeric rhizome treatment with talc formulations of Pf @ 10 g/kg seed rhizome plus soil application of Pf @ 2.5 Kg/ha along with 50 kg of well decomposed FYM plus Pf foliar spray application @ 2 lit/ha at three months interval recorded higher germination of 94.90 per cent, least injury causing nematode population of 223.0/250 g of soil at two months after sowing, 250.3 numbers/250 g of soil at termination, 32.3 endoparasitic nematodes/10 grams of root sample, 18.47 egg mass/10 g root, 177.40 eggs/egg mass, lower Gall index of 1.87 with 16,638 kg of wet turmeric rhizome/ha and found to be the best treatment followed by standard check viz., Carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i/ha, 2 rounds at 3rd and 5th month after planting and drenching with copper oxy chloride 0.25%. The bioinoculants treatments have higher BC ratio when compared to standard chemical check treatment.

Energy is crucial to the overall growth of any nation, as urbanization and industrialization increase, so does the rate at which fossil fuels are consumed. Refuse poses a serious challenge to developing nations and undermines the goal of sustainable development that most nations aspire to. Due to inadequate management systems these causes negative effects on the environment and population health, are another significant issue. Converting them to sustainable energy is an economically viable and environmentally advantageous alternative, especially in light of the fast-rising expenses connected with trash management and energy supply. This paper is based on current developments in the process of producing green energy from refuses of Institute Canteen, with the attention to production of bio fertilizers required for sustainable agriculture. In our institute there are two Boys’ hostels and one Girls’ hostel and all having their own individual mess, where daily a large amount of canteen waste is obtained which can be utilized for variety of functions, such as heating, cooking, and lighting. Wastes were collected and mixed with cow dung in various proportions kept for 90 days for production of bio energy under Cryophilic condition i.e. at very low temperature as the climate is very cold in this hilly region (5-18 °C) which is very challenging for the researchers. It is observed from the study that approximately 4 nos. of cylinder can be saved in 90 days, biogas produced from a 1 m³ digester tank with 2 hours daily consumption. The digestate produced after gas production which is treated as excellent fertilizer for the growth of flower plants in the campus and in the farms of the nearby villages. Different flames are being observed with batch wise feeding of the raw materials to the chamber. With increasing the Hydraulic retention time (HRT), the intensity, color and temperature of the flames changes. The color of the flame observed during the combustion of biogas from organic waste varies from blue color to reddish yellow mixture.
Keywords: Greenhouse gas (GHG); Biogas Digester; Organic wastes; Anaerobic digestion; digestate; Cryophilic condition; flames; fertilizers

There is a need for a strategic semantically inclined model for tagging web pages in the era of the latest Web 3.0. This paper proposes a strategic semantic oriented knowledge driven learning infused model for tagging of web pages which encompasses extraction of terms and categories of web pages and application of models like TF-IDF and Structural Topical Modelling (STM) which is in-turn followed by generating the RDF instances and enriching the entities that come out of this pipeline through the Wikidata API. The proposed framework also uses a Logistic Regression Classifier Unit (LRU) which encompasses the RDF subject and object instances as the features to classify the web page dataset. A dynamic knowledge stack generation via a semantic agent and classification of the dynamically generated knowledge stack using a strong deep learning CNN classifier helps in increasing the overall learning capability of the model. Semantics oriented reasoning is achieved using the Adaptive Pointwise Mutual Information (APMI) measure with differential step deviance measures and the shuffled frog-leap algorithm takes care of the meta-heuristic optimization by improving the intermediate optimization results and overall precision of 95.18%, with a False Discovery Rate (FDR) of 0.05 and an F-measure of 96.30% which makes it the best in class model when compared to the other baseline models for semantics-oriented learning through webpage tagging.
Keywords: Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information (NPMI); Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI); Adaptive Pointwise Mutual Information (APMI); Logical Regression Unit (LRU)

Crop rotation, an enduring agricultural approach is crucial for the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Through the practice of crop rotation, the soil's condition is enhanced, the occurrence of pests and diseases is reduced, and crop yields are improved. Utilizing natural processes, this method effectively sustains soil fertility, controls pests, and enhances biodiversity, making it a fundamental aspect of sustainable agricultural systems. Although crop rotation may be complex and require significant upfront investment, its long-term advantages, as shown by many scientific investigations and practical implementations, emphasize its essentiality for ensuring agricultural sustainability in the future.

This editorial delves into the intricate world of beneficial insects, emphasizing their critical role in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem health. Through their diverse functions as predators, parasites, and pollinators, beneficial insects contribute significantly to pest management, pollination, and overall biodiversity. By recognizing their importance and advocating for their conservation, we can foster resilient agricultural systems that rely less on harmful chemicals and more on natural processes.

We tried to connection of the basic biophysical sense of virus science, in which we discuss the amount of element and chemical bond energy every element in every amino acid relating to a virus. I found some relationship with a virus’ strength, infectious, remedy, etc. We indicate the wide viewpoint meaning virus spread. Furthermore, we introduce the latch circuit for virus-forming variant and associate with the extended--pico-particle water since I research and developed for more than ten years.
Keyword: KP.3 virus; mutant; spike protein; amino acids; extended--pico-particle water

The article traverses through the issues that have emerged regarding TB in India & at global level. The issues revolve around socio economic, pharmacology in modern system, role of AYUSH & other stakeholders.
The article concludes that nutrition is a big factor in dealing with TB. Immunity is another factor. Life style & health promotion activities are cross cutting. Hence, all these factors should be the part of the entire TB intervention in which pharmacology is just one part.
Keywords: TB; RCT; BCG; Chemotherapy; ATP; AYUSH

Human biology is extremely complex. It is in fact a real reflection of vast Cosmic Mind`s creation. Every bodily system is running cyclically and orderly like a systemic bodily clock. This biological clock is the human circadian system which has a period of 24 hours. Recent studies on circadian rhythm and on the consequences of its disruption- “Chronodisruption” have been expanded to a great extent. Modern life-style and environmental factors can disrupt the circadian system of the body and may lead to adverse effects on individual`s health. Furthermore, complex reciprocal relationship between metabolism and the circadian system of the body have been demonstrated. Current research evidences also provide the impact of the interaction between the circadian system and nutrition and the way this link can influence the epigenome and microbiome. Based on this whole concept, it is possible to develop nutritional strategies to manage circadian-aligned feeding that is what and when to eat in order to reduce the prevalence and burden of chronic diseases.
Keywords: Chronodisruption; Epigenetic; Nutrigenetics; Nutrimicromics

Introduction: this study aimed to investigate the aetiological aspects and management of postoperative peritonitis in the surgical department of the Kankan Regional Hospital.
Methodology: this was a 12-month prospective, analytical study of postoperative peritonitis regardless of the location of the initial operation.
Results: out of 737 operations, 50 cases were postoperative peritonitis accounting of 6.78%. The average age was 20.42 years. Women were the most affected (54%). Housewives accounted for 38% and rural women 54%. The initial operation was conducted in private clinics (46%) and health centers (30%). Appendicitis was the initial pathology in 56% of cases, and general practitioners and nurses were the first operators in 64% and 26% of cases respectively. Removal of the appendicular stump was performed by 56% of patients. The operation lasted an average of 95.74 minutes. Follow-up was straightforward in 78% of cases. The average length of stay was 16.4 days. The case fatality rate was 16%.
Conclusion: postoperative peritonitis was frequent and serious. A multicentre study would be necessary to collect data on the aetiological aspects and management.
Keywords: Peritonitis; Post-operative; Hospital; Regional; Kankan

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the indications and results of early reinterventions in individuals of the abdomen in the general surgery department of HRK.
Material and Methods: This was a one-year prospective study, carried out in the Surgery department of the Kankan Regional Hospital, focusing on early re-interventions regardless of the location of the intervention.
Results: During this period, we operated on 1075 patients, among whom 38 cases required re-laparotomies, representing 3.53%. The average age of our patients was 29.68 years, with extremes of 7 and 75 years, mainly affecting individuals aged between 16-25 years, with a predominance of males. The majority of these patients were initially operated on in private clinics (60.53%) by unqualified personnel (76.32%). Appendicitis was the most involved condition, accounting for 44.73%. Peritonitis (68.42%) followed by digestive fistulas (18.42%) were the main postoperative indications. Clinical signs were dominated by abdominal pain. The main re-intervention procedures were peritoneal lavage (92.11%), drainage (81.58%), release of adhesions or bands (31.58%), and resection + anastomosis (26.32%). We recorded a mortality rate of 23.68%.
Conclusion: Better management of initial pathologies through the strengthening of surgical teams' skills, raising awareness and banning unqualified personnel from health centers, and improving technical facilities could contribute to a better prognosis.
Keywords: Early re-interventions; visceral surgery; indications; results; regional hospital; Kankan

Introduction: Stroke in children is dreadful, although it is ten to twelve times rarer than in adults. The incidence of stroke in children has been little studied. It varies between 1.3 and 13/100,000 children/year. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, aetiological and scanographic aspects of ischaemic strokes in children aged between 1 month and 15 years in the Paediatrics Department of the Ignace Deen National Hospital.
Setting-Materials and Methods: This was a prospective dynamic study conducted in the Paediatrics Department of the Ignace Deen National Hospital over a 12-month period, from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021.
All children hospitalised for ischaemic stroke were included. The diagnosis of stroke was based on any sudden onset neurological deficit that persisted for at least 24 hours, with no apparent cause other than a vascular origin.
Results: We recorded 12 cases of ischemic stroke in the department, i.e. 2.27%. The age group of 11-15 years was more represented 41.66% with extremes of 1 year and 15 years. The female sex was dominant in 7 cases (58.33%). The onset of symptoms was sudden (75%) or rapidly progressive over a few hours (25%). The motor deficit of a hemibody was the main clinical sign, found in 91.67% of cases associated with language disorders (4 cases), convulsions (4 cases), fever (6 cases), headaches and/or vomiting (5 cases), impaired consciousness (2) and facial asymmetry (6 cases). Brain CT was the first-line test required to confirm the diagnosis in 100% of cases. The etiologies were dominated by heart disease (4 cases), sickle cell disease (4 cases), central nervous system infection (1 case) and undetermined (3 cases). The evolution was favourable in 91.67%.
Conclusion: Stroke in children remains rare, and there is no clinical difference between children and adults. Early, multidisciplinary monitoring of patients with sickle cell disease and prevention of rheumatic heart disease would help to considerably reduce the incidence of stroke in children.
Keywords: stroke; neuroimaging; child; Ignace Deen

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines disaster as any natural, technological or human-induced event that causes a serious disruption in the functioning of a community or society, exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources, and causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses [1].
In order for an event to be defined as a disaster, normal life must be interrupted and the resource capacity of the society to cope with the event must be exceeded. Over time, people's perspective on disasters has changed due to the increasing importance given to human life, technological and scientific developments, and it has been seen that disasters can be prevented or overcome with minimal damage if the necessary precautions are taken [2].
In the 21st century, there are ten factors that can cause disasters due to the increase in both risks and fragility. These are: population growth, environmental degradation, global warming, deforestation, infectious diseases, hazardous substances, chemical warfare, nuclear substances, economic inequality and ethnic or religious discrimination [3].
On the other hand, development, which is the most important factor in terms of disaster resilience, is still far away for many countries. The wealth gap between countries is widening, and poor countries are getting poorer. According to experts, although natural events develop independently of people, whether they will cause a disaster is determined by society. How much harm will be caused by a hazard depends on the distribution of power and resources within that society. The poor always suffer the most from disasters [4].

In the ever-evolving world of software development and cloud computing, multi-tenant systems have emerged as a fundamental architecture for delivering scalable, cost-effective, and flexible solutions. These systems, which allow multiple users or organisations to share the same computing resources while maintaining data isolation and privacy, are at the heart of many Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms and cloud applications.

Living and Mobility 2030 (LiMo 2030) is a completely new living and vehicle concept with the potential to revolutionise urban mobility. It combines the advantages of a private car (own passenger compartment) with the traffic-related benefits of car sharing - all this in a convenient (barrier-free), sustainable (parking spaces become green spaces!) and cost-effective (no underground car parks required) way.
Keywords: Sustainable mobility; modular vehicle concept; car sharing

Co-operatives have proved to be one of the driving forces in the socio-economic empowerment of its members. The Government of Tanzania has been implementing the Poverty Reduction Strategy by encouraging people to form co-operatives in order to improve their economic prospects. Establishing a primary co-operative society involves a process which passes through district co-operative office, regional co-operative office and the registrar of co-operatives’ office at the national level. These processes bring about the issue of documentation and records keeping. The processing of records is done manually by using pen and papers, or electronically using computers, smart phones and cameras. The research work essentially used questionnaire, interview, observation and document review to gather data. Findings of this study show that 8 out of 13 respondents (61.5%) responded to physically visit co-operative offices to acquire existing records about co-operative societies. This vividly explains use of manual procedure for co-operative records management thus leading to unsolved challenges such as; data inaccuracy and inconsistency, bureaucracy during physical access, money and time consumption due to geographical challenges, lack of transparence, and improper presentation of co-operative information in request. This ongoing research work proposes a web-mobile approach named Co-operative Records Management System (CRMS). CRMS will offer a solution which enable District Co-operative officers (DCOs) to record, process and generate electronic reports on co-operative societies’ records thus mitigating challenges about, but not limited to; time wastage, inconsistency in recording financial records as well as reducing costs for data acquisition. Therefore, this paper explores methods to enhance co-operative records management through web-mobile solutions, as evidenced in the Kilimanjaro region, and presents a proposed design solution.
Keywords: Information Systems; Co-operative society; Information management; Record keeping; CRMS; Co-operative management

The objective of this study is to quantify the species composition and diversity of woody plant species (WPS) measured from six natural forests in Dak Nong province, which are managed in different ways. Additionally, the changes in WPS diversity according to topographic gradients (e.g., elevation and slope) were examined. The Hill number was applied to quantify the diversity of the WPS. The Jaccard coefficient and non-metric multidimensional scaling were used to compare the WPS among the forests. A total of 518 species representing 76 families were recorded in 181 sample plots (30m x 30m). The Fagaceae family is the most dominant in the forest with 45 species, followed by Lauraceae (40 species) and Euphorbiaceae (31 species). The lowest Hill number value was found in Dak R’Mang - Protection Forest Management Board (PFMB), whereas the highest value was observed in Nam Cat Tien PFMB and Ta Dung National Park (NP). The composition of the WPS varies among different forests and elevation gradients. Dak R’Mang PFMB presents the most significant difference in the diversity of woody species. A unimodal trend was found between tree species diversity and elevation gradients, which is consistent with natural expectations. Specifically, the diversity indices showed a trend of decreasing from H1 to H3 (<600m a.s.l (H1); 600 - 800m a.s.l (H2); 800 -1000m a.s.l) and increasing at higher elevations. The highest diversity index value was found at H6 (≥1400m a.s.l). This implies that species diversity may be influenced by human activities during the forest use history as well as microclimates.
Keywords: Woody plant species; diversity indices; elevational gradients; slope gradients

The pursuit of sustainable transportation solutions has prompted extensive research and development in the field of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to push the boundaries of HEV technology by analyzing performance through innovative approaches. The data collected and analyzed from prototype HEVs equipped with these technologies will provide valuable insights into their efficacy and potential for widespread adoption. This paper serves comprehensive exploration of the possibilities and challenges associated with improving HEV performance through waste energy recovery and green energy harvesting. By disseminating our findings and insights, we hope to contribute to the advancement of sustainable transportation solutions and inspire further research in this vital field. The experimental and developed simulation data is compared for different gear ratios. It has been observed that increasing the gear ratio for low speeds will increase the percentage of regenerative braking energy. i.e. more energy can be recovered. At the same speed, approximately 19.7% of braking energy was recovered for gear ratio 2 as compared to gear ratio 1.33 in which 6.71% of braking energy was recovered. By using regenerative braking, there was an increase in the range of the electric vehicle by 13.30%. By implementing solar charging, there was an increase in the range of the electrical vehicle by 14.26 %. Incorporating both Regenerative braking and solar charging in experimental study, there was an increase in range of the electric vehicle by 27.56%. The results obtained are with considering variable gear ratios applied to recent EVs which was quite challenging for the researchers. The purpose of study of this Green vehicle is completely environmentally friendly producing zero pollution.
Keywords: Green vehicle; Energy Recovery; Green Energy; Vehicle Efficiency; Sustainable Transportation; Simulation