Transformations and Innovations in Neurosurgical Education: A Global Review and Prospects for a Promising Future

Gustavo A. R. Passos^1,2*, Ronan S. Costa², Guilherme H. W. Ceccato¹, Luis A. B. Borba¹ and Carolina Gesteira Benjamin^2
1Mackenzie University Hospital - Neurosurgery dept, Curtiba, PR Brazil
²University of Miami - Neurological Surgery dept - CANES Lab, Miami, FL USA
*Corresponding Author: Gustavo A. R. Passos, University of Miami, Miami FL USA/Mackenzie University Hospital, Curitiba PR Brazil.

Published: May 06, 2025

DOI: 10.55162/MCMS.08.286

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Abstract  

Scientific Needs: Neurosurgery demands exceptional precision and expertise due to the complexity of treating brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve disorders. The high stakes of surgical errors underscore the need for advanced, risk-free training modalities to ensure technical proficiency and patient safety, particularly as procedural complexity and technological advancements accelerate.

Introduction: As one of medicine’s most intricate specialties, neurosurgery requires innovative educational strategies to prepare surgeons for its challenges. Laboratory-based training has emerged as a critical tool, enabling skill development in a controlled environment. This review addresses the urgent need to evaluate and enhance training modalities to meet the evolving demands of neurosurgical practice.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of neurosurgical training, focusing on simulation-based techniques, cadaveric dissection, and advanced imaging integration. Peer- reviewed studies were analyzed to assess the efficacy, benefits, and limitations of each method. Manuscripts published on the last 24 years were evaluated, Current trends and technological innovations were explored to identify their impact on surgical proficiency and patient outcomes.

Discussion: Simulation and cadaveric training offer distinct advantages: simulations provide safe, repeatable practice, while cadaveric dissection ensures anatomical fidelity. Advanced imaging and virtual reality enhance both, yet challenges such as cost, accessibility, and haptic realism persist. These modalities collectively improve technical skills, but their global adoption varies, highlighting disparities in training infrastructure. Emerging technologies promise to bridge these gaps, though evidence of competency transfer to the operating theater remains limited.

Conclusion: Laboratory-based training is indispensable for equipping neurosurgeons with the skills required for modern practice. Integrating traditional and innovative methods addresses current educational needs, but future efforts must prioritize cost-effective solutions and validated assessments to ensure widespread impact. This evolution in training will enhance surgical expertise, ultimately advancing patient safety and care quality worldwide. While new technologies offer valuable adjuncts, the ideal educational approach lies in balancing and integrating both traditional and modern techniques through cooperative models of instruction.

Keywords: Neurosurgical training, simulation, cadaveric dissection, virtual reality, augmented reality, laboratory education

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