Artificial Intelligence in Transcranial Doppler: A Comprehensive Review of the Techniques for Beginners and Future Prospects

Aseem Pradhan¹*, Soeshayante Babu², R Naveen², Anitta Jose² and Aishwarya Sharma^2
1Associate Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, KIMS hospital, Thane, India
²Department of General Surgery, Yenepoya Medical College and Hospital, Mangalore, India
*Corresponding Author: Aseem Pradhan, Associate Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, KIMS hospital, Thane, India.

Published: May 23, 2025

DOI: 10.55162/MCMS.08.293

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Abstract  

Cerebrovascular disease involves brain tissue damage due to impaired intracranial blood flow, often presenting as an acute but nonfatal event with high rates of morbidity, disability, and mortality. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that utilizes the Doppler effect to assess hemodynamic parameters in major intracranial arteries. Unlike other imaging methods, TCD provides unique insights into blood flow dynamics, offering valuable data such as blood flow velocity and pulsatility index. These parameters help identify the type of cerebrovascular disease and assist physicians in clinical decision-making.

Artificial intelligence (AI), a field of computer science, has seen widespread adoption across domains like agriculture, finance, communications, and increasingly in medicine. Recent research has focused on integrating AI into TCD ultrasonography to enhance diagnostic capabilities. Summarizing and reviewing advancements in this area is essential for guiding future studies and accelerating progress.

This paper outlines the evolution, principles, and clinical applications of TCD ultrasonography, along with an overview of AI’s role in medical and emergency care. It then highlights specific AI-driven advancements in TCD, including the development of a diagnostic system that integrates brain-computer interfaces (BCI) with TCD, AI-based classification and noise reduction in TCD signal processing, and the deployment of intelligent robotic systems to assist clinicians. These innovations aim to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the future prospects of AI-enhanced TCD ultrasonography, emphasizing its potential to transform cerebrovascular disease diagnosis and management.

Keywords: Transcranial doppler; cerebrovascular diseases; artificial intelligence

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