The article considers innovative directions of development of forestry and agricultural machinery with intelligent control systems. Kinematics is considered on the example of a harvester with a multi-link manipulator and walking running equipment. Systems of equations characterizing the spatial position of working and running equipment with a large number of degrees of freedom are presented. The assessment of existing problems and development prospects is given.

Agriculture land in Egypt is paramount to the nation's economy, food security, and social fabric. Egypt's rich history of agriculture, dating back to ancient civilizations along the Nile, has shaped the country's identity and sustenance for millennia. Agriculture has been the lifeblood of Egypt for thousands of years, with the fertile Nile Delta and Nile Valley serving as the cradle of Egyptian civilization. The annual inundation of the Nile River, combined with innovative irrigation techniques developed over centuries, has allowed Egypt to sustain a thriving agricultural sector. Today, agricultural land in Egypt remains a cornerstone of the nation's economy, providing food, raw materials, and employment for millions. Small land holdings play a pivotal role in Egypt's agricultural landscape. These holdings are typically characterized by limited acreage, often less than two hectares, and are predominantly managed by individual families. Small-scale family farms form the backbone of Egypt's agricultural sector, contributing significantly to crop production, livestock rearing, and the livelihoods of rural communities (Muhammad,2018). Fragmented land indicates that it is divided among many legal heirs as it passes from one generation to another. Moreover, non-conducive government policies also lead to such fragmentation. It severely affects agriculture as the mechanization cannot be carried out on small fragmented land.

Due to this numerous adverse challenges are to be expected besides the direct loss of agricultural land due to urban settlement expansion and road network construction. Such effects are caused mainly due to the mechanisms of fragmentation; and division of large patches of agricultural land into smaller and smaller patches. This leads to Smaller land patches, which means higher agrarian costs and the inability to use new agricultural techniques that favor larger patches, added to the increased water requirements, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and fertilizer leaching Plus the emissions from the urban settlements and the continuous traffic on the road networks, which lead to contamination of the soil and plants surrounding them (Mahmoud, 2014).

In Egypt, small land holdings are integral to achieving food security and economic stability. They facilitate diversified crop cultivation, promote local agricultural production, and empower individuals to contribute to the nation's self-sufficiency in staple crops such as wheat, rice, and vegetables. Lastly, these small-scale farms provide a safety net for millions of Egyptians, offering a source of income and subsistence.

Finally, this paper discussed the challenges of Egyptian land fragmentation and proposed several solutions to mitigate the socio-economic impacts in rural communities.

Keywords: Egypt; Fragmentation; Agricultural land holding; Socio-economic challenges

In this research work four methods are used to calculate the total amount of rainfall for the year 2024. These methods are: The Root Mean Square (RMS) method, The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The predicted rain amount for the coming year is the average of the four methods.

The prediction of this research work is compared with the average value of the last 32 years of rainfall history. The reason for this average value comparison is that the distribution of the rainfall has been earlier found to have a normal distribution where the most probable value is the mean value for this kind of distribution [5].

This paper explores the cultural influences on the adoption of organic farming practices in Thailand, highlighting the interplay between traditional agricultural methods, community dynamics, and economic considerations. Despite the government's commitment to promoting organic agriculture through various initiatives, the transition from conventional to organic farming remains slow due to cultural resistance and a lack of clear policy direction. The study examines the significance of social networks, cultural beliefs, and generational differences in shaping farmers' attitudes toward organic practices. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive policy framework that includes financial incentives, training programs, and improved certification processes to facilitate the adoption of organic farming. Additionally, the paper advocates for increased public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the benefits of organic products, thereby enhancing market demand. By addressing cultural barriers and leveraging positive cultural values, the Thai government can foster a more conducive environment for the growth of organic agriculture, contributing to sustainable development and food security in the country.

Keywords: Organic Agriculture; Cultural Influences; Agricultural Practices; Sustainable Development; Farmer Education

Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population (8.2 billion in 2024). This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenge of the 21st century (Jeffery A., 2020). Sustainable cropping systems should be based on ecological principles which are the core of integrated approaches to solve the many challenges those are being faced by the large human population in India. Keeping in view the facts in to account, some emerging newly alternative cropping systems have been developed to resolve the present constraints (Meena et al. 2023).The innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture are integrated nutrient management via inclusion of green manure crops/ cover crops and mulching of soil surface through agriculture based byproducts.

Climate change poses a significant threat to global agriculture, with rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and altered precipitation patterns disrupting food production. As we seek sustainable solutions, the role of microbial communities emerges as a promising avenue for mitigating climate change's impact on agriculture. This paper explores the multifaceted contributions of microbes to agricultural sustainability, focusing on their ability to enhance carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve soil health.

Basically, climate change is the increase in the atmospheric temperature due to enhanced levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) i.e. CO₂, Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the atmosphere. It is manifested in terms of occurrence and repetition of events like droughts, melting of glaciers and rising sea levels. Climate change affects directly or indirectly the agricultural activity including crops, soils, livestock and pests. Directly, increase in temperature reduces crop duration, increase crop respiration rate, alteration in photosynthesis process, survival and distribution of pest population, hasten nutrient mineralization in soils, decrease fertilizer use efficiency and increase evapo-transpiration. Indirectly, it influences agricultural land use pattern, intensity of droughts and floods, soil organic matter transformation, soil erosion, changes in pest complex and decline in arable areas. In India, where half of the agricultural land is rainfed, climate change directly affects crop yields, soil processes, water availability, and pest dynamics (Pathak, 2023).

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station farm, Paiyur, India during 2014-2016 in vegetable field bean under rain fed conditions to study the efficacy of insecticide molecules viz., Novaluran, Rynaxiper, Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad, Flubendanide, and Indoxicarb along with untreated check was evaluated for the management of vegetable field bean pod borer complex. The two season results indicate that Flubendanide 480 SC 0.4 ml/lit was found to be the best chemical for the management of pod borer complex in vegetable field bean (Mochai) in terms of higher larval reduction (96.1 per cent), lower pod damage (4.40 per cent) translating into higher green pod yield (2,340 Kg/ha) and monetary returns (Rupees 15,853 net profit/ha) with no residue deducted at test concentration. The other promising treatments with distinct advantage were Indoxicarb 14.5 SC @ 0.5 ml/lit and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.2 g/lit which can be used for cost effective management of pod borer complex in field bean

Keywords: Pod borers; Novaluran; Rynaxiper; Emamectin benzoate; Spinosad; flubendamide; Indoxicarb

Biotechnology, with its roots in molecular biology, is a powerful tool in agriculture. It has already shown its transformative impact by enhancing crop yields, improving resistance to pests and diseases, and promoting sustainable farming practices. These innovative solutions are particularly crucial in the face of challenges posed by climate change and food security. Biotechnologies significantly improve animal productivity, disease resistance, and sustainability while contributing to medical advancements such as recombinant vaccines and research into human diseases. rDNA technology has enhanced food quality and nutritional value. However, the application of biotechnology in agriculture faces several critical challenges. The lack of standardized regulations across countries complicates international trade and collaboration. Another challenge is the financial and technical barriers to access. However, perhaps the most urgent need is for adequate training and education to ensure farmers can effectively utilize biotechnological tools. Despite the challenges, the prospects of biotechnology in agriculture are promising, potentially enhancing food production and sustainability significantly. Biotechnology can be crucial in improving food quality and safety.

Keywords: Agriculture; Application; Biotechnology; Crops; Technology

78 pollen loads recovered directly from the honeycombs of Apis dorsata (Rock Bee) collected in 29 March 2012 to 31 may 2013 from Moudholi and Chandankheda forest area of bhadrawati Tahsil of Chandrapur District of Maharashtra State, were analysed. 32 (41.02%) pollen loads were found to be Uniforal, 31 (39.74%) bifloral and 15 (19.23%) multifloral. The Unifloral pollen loads were contained Terminalia sp. and Mangifera indica. The pollen of Terminalia sp. was recovered from 71 (91.02%) of the total pollen loads studied. The study high lights Terminalia sp. (combretrceace) do the major pollen source and Mangifera indica (Anacardeaceae), Delonix regia (Caesalpiniaceae), Prosopis juliflora (Mimosaceae) as fairly important sources of pollen of the honeybees during the summer period.

Keywords: Pollen Sources; Honeybee; Bhadrawati Tahsil. forest area

Climate Change and Its Influence on Hydrological Regimes at Basin Scale

The global climate is experiencing significant shifts and one of the most profound impacts is being observed in the hydrological regimes of river basins. As climate change alters precipitation patterns, evaporation rates, and snowmelt dynamics, the hydrological cycle at the basin level is being reshaped. This transformation has critical implications for water resources, agriculture, ecosystems, and human settlements.

Crop rotation, an enduring agricultural approach is crucial for the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Through the practice of crop rotation, the soil's condition is enhanced, the occurrence of pests and diseases is reduced, and crop yields are improved. Utilizing natural processes, this method effectively sustains soil fertility, controls pests, and enhances biodiversity, making it a fundamental aspect of sustainable agricultural systems. Although crop rotation may be complex and require significant upfront investment, its long-term advantages, as shown by many scientific investigations and practical implementations, emphasize its essentiality for ensuring agricultural sustainability in the future.

After China's exchange rate reform, the exchange rate has changed more frequently. The foreign exchange market has an increasing impact on the securities market. This paper analyzes the link between Tesla's stock price and exchange rate of the renminbi against US dollar by establishing VAR model and ARMA-GARCHX model. In the empirical analysis, this paper uses Tesla's daily stock price from June 29, 2010, to June 9, 2023 and the daily exchange rate in the same period as the research data. And the unit root test, impulse response analysis and ARMA GARCHX estimation are used to test the data. Through empirical analysis, this paper concludes that the exchange rate will indeed have an impact on Tesla's stock price, and this impact is mainly negative. Compared with other studies in the same field, the research object selected in this paper is more detailed and specific. This study helps to predict the change of Tesla's share price and preserve the stability of financial markets in the event of exchange rate changes, and investors, policy makers and Tesla itself can also adjust their strategies and plans according to this law. Policy makers can apply the conclusions of this paper to affect the stock market by manipulating exchange rate changes.

Keywords: Exchange rate; Stock Price; VAR Model; ARMA-GARCHX Model

There is a need for a strategic semantically inclined model for tagging web pages in the era of the latest Web 3.0. This paper proposes a strategic semantic oriented knowledge driven learning infused model for tagging of web pages which encompasses extraction of terms and categories of web pages and application of models like TF-IDF and Structural Topical Modelling (STM) which is in-turn followed by generating the RDF instances and enriching the entities that come out of this pipeline through the Wikidata API. The proposed framework also uses a Logistic Regression Classifier Unit (LRU) which encompasses the RDF subject and object instances as the features to classify the web page dataset. A dynamic knowledge stack generation via a semantic agent and classification of the dynamically generated knowledge stack using a strong deep learning CNN classifier helps in increasing the overall learning capability of the model. Semantics oriented reasoning is achieved using the Adaptive Pointwise Mutual Information (APMI) measure with differential step deviance measures and the shuffled frog-leap algorithm takes care of the meta-heuristic optimization by improving the intermediate optimization results and overall precision of 95.18%, with a False Discovery Rate (FDR) of 0.05 and an F-measure of 96.30% which makes it the best in class model when compared to the other baseline models for semantics-oriented learning through webpage tagging.

Keywords: Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information (NPMI); Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI); Adaptive Pointwise Mutual Information (APMI); Logical Regression Unit (LRU)

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station, Paiyur, India during January 2012 - July 2014 to assess the efficacy of the TNAU talc and liquid commercial formulations of the native bio agents Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and Trichoderma viridi, as turmeric rhizome treatment, soil application, foliar spray and in combination so as to develop nematode centric ipm and to standardize the management practices for nematode disease complex in turmeric. IPM module viz., turmeric rhizome treatment with talc formulations of Pf @ 10 g/kg seed rhizome plus soil application of Pf @ 2.5 Kg/ha along with 50 kg of well decomposed FYM plus Pf foliar spray application @ 2 lit/ha at three months interval recorded higher germination of 94.90 per cent, least injury causing nematode population of 223.0/250 g of soil at two months after sowing, 250.3 numbers/250 g of soil at termination, 32.3 endoparasitic nematodes/10 grams of root sample, 18.47 egg mass/10 g root, 177.40 eggs/egg mass, lower Gall index of 1.87 with 16,638 kg of wet turmeric rhizome/ha and found to be the best treatment followed by standard check viz., Carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i/ha, 2 rounds at 3rd and 5th month after planting and drenching with copper oxy chloride 0.25%. The bioinoculants treatments have higher BC ratio when compared to standard chemical check treatment.

Energy is crucial to the overall growth of any nation, as urbanization and industrialization increase, so does the rate at which fossil fuels are consumed. Refuse poses a serious challenge to developing nations and undermines the goal of sustainable development that most nations aspire to. Due to inadequate management systems these causes negative effects on the environment and population health, are another significant issue. Converting them to sustainable energy is an economically viable and environmentally advantageous alternative, especially in light of the fast-rising expenses connected with trash management and energy supply. This paper is based on current developments in the process of producing green energy from refuses of Institute Canteen, with the attention to production of bio fertilizers required for sustainable agriculture. In our institute there are two Boys’ hostels and one Girls’ hostel and all having their own individual mess, where daily a large amount of canteen waste is obtained which can be utilized for variety of functions, such as heating, cooking, and lighting. Wastes were collected and mixed with cow dung in various proportions kept for 90 days for production of bio energy under Cryophilic condition i.e. at very low temperature as the climate is very cold in this hilly region (5-18 °C) which is very challenging for the researchers. It is observed from the study that approximately 4 nos. of cylinder can be saved in 90 days, biogas produced from a 1 m³ digester tank with 2 hours daily consumption. The digestate produced after gas production which is treated as excellent fertilizer for the growth of flower plants in the campus and in the farms of the nearby villages. Different flames are being observed with batch wise feeding of the raw materials to the chamber. With increasing the Hydraulic retention time (HRT), the intensity, color and temperature of the flames changes. The color of the flame observed during the combustion of biogas from organic waste varies from blue color to reddish yellow mixture.

Keywords: Greenhouse gas (GHG); Biogas Digester; Organic wastes; Anaerobic digestion; digestate; Cryophilic condition; flames; fertilizers

This editorial delves into the intricate world of beneficial insects, emphasizing their critical role in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem health. Through their diverse functions as predators, parasites, and pollinators, beneficial insects contribute significantly to pest management, pollination, and overall biodiversity. By recognizing their importance and advocating for their conservation, we can foster resilient agricultural systems that rely less on harmful chemicals and more on natural processes.

The pursuit of sustainable transportation solutions has prompted extensive research and development in the field of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to push the boundaries of HEV technology by analyzing performance through innovative approaches. The data collected and analyzed from prototype HEVs equipped with these technologies will provide valuable insights into their efficacy and potential for widespread adoption. This paper serves comprehensive exploration of the possibilities and challenges associated with improving HEV performance through waste energy recovery and green energy harvesting. By disseminating our findings and insights, we hope to contribute to the advancement of sustainable transportation solutions and inspire further research in this vital field. The experimental and developed simulation data is compared for different gear ratios. It has been observed that increasing the gear ratio for low speeds will increase the percentage of regenerative braking energy. i.e. more energy can be recovered. At the same speed, approximately 19.7% of braking energy was recovered for gear ratio 2 as compared to gear ratio 1.33 in which 6.71% of braking energy was recovered. By using regenerative braking, there was an increase in the range of the electric vehicle by 13.30%. By implementing solar charging, there was an increase in the range of the electrical vehicle by 14.26 %. Incorporating both Regenerative braking and solar charging in experimental study, there was an increase in range of the electric vehicle by 27.56%. The results obtained are with considering variable gear ratios applied to recent EVs which was quite challenging for the researchers. The purpose of study of this Green vehicle is completely environmentally friendly producing zero pollution.

Keywords: Green vehicle; Energy Recovery; Green Energy; Vehicle Efficiency; Sustainable Transportation; Simulation

The objective of this study is to quantify the species composition and diversity of woody plant species (WPS) measured from six natural forests in Dak Nong province, which are managed in different ways. Additionally, the changes in WPS diversity according to topographic gradients (e.g., elevation and slope) were examined. The Hill number was applied to quantify the diversity of the WPS. The Jaccard coefficient and non-metric multidimensional scaling were used to compare the WPS among the forests. A total of 518 species representing 76 families were recorded in 181 sample plots (30m x 30m). The Fagaceae family is the most dominant in the forest with 45 species, followed by Lauraceae (40 species) and Euphorbiaceae (31 species). The lowest Hill number value was found in Dak R’Mang - Protection Forest Management Board (PFMB), whereas the highest value was observed in Nam Cat Tien PFMB and Ta Dung National Park (NP). The composition of the WPS varies among different forests and elevation gradients. Dak R’Mang PFMB presents the most significant difference in the diversity of woody species. A unimodal trend was found between tree species diversity and elevation gradients, which is consistent with natural expectations. Specifically, the diversity indices showed a trend of decreasing from H1 to H3 (<600m a.s.l (H1); 600 - 800m a.s.l (H2); 800 -1000m a.s.l) and increasing at higher elevations. The highest diversity index value was found at H6 (≥1400m a.s.l). This implies that species diversity may be influenced by human activities during the forest use history as well as microclimates.

Keywords: Woody plant species; diversity indices; elevational gradients; slope gradients

Over the last decade, green synthesis methods for biochar-supported metallic nanoparticles have gained popularity due to their versatile applications in technology. Addressing concerns about microorganism contamination in wastewater, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) within biochar (BC) inhibits bacteria through reactive oxygen species and interacting with bacterial membranes. This study examines two distinct materials: rice husk (RH) and lignin (Lig), for the synthesis of nZVI. RH was explored via two routes: (1) Synchronous route where iron salt was loaded into raw RH feedstock, followed by pyrolysis at 300 °C and subsequent carbothermal reduction (CR) of iron at 900 °C (BM-nZVI), and (2) Asynchronous, involving iron salt loading onto pre-pyrolyzed RH-BC with subsequent CR (BC-nZVI). For Lig, the study examined: (1) Synchronous route with nZVI deposition on pre-pyrolyzed (1000 °C) Lig-BC, creating surface-deposited nZVI (Lig-s-nZVI), and (2) Asynchronous route by mixing iron salt with dissolved feedstock to embedded nZVI in a carbonaceous carrier, resulting in engraved nZVI (Lig-eG-nZVI). The characterization of synthesized nZVI particles was obtained by SEM analysis. This study shows to comparatively evaluate the biological responses of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to four variations of BC-supported nZVI materials including the pristine BC of each material serving as the control. Initially, pure bacterial cultures were employed to measure inhibition zones using the well diffusion method, revealing prominent inhibition zones for RH-nZVI, while no significant inhibition was observed for Lig-nZVI and pristine BC. The minimum inhibitory concentration of RH-nZVI against S. aureus was determined to be 0.02 g mL^-1, and optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) was assessed. By contrast, BC-nZVI reached higher levels of microbe inactivation than BM-nZVI due to the FeC4 layers surrounding nZVI particles, potentially hindering BM-nZVI's reactivity. Testing was conducted on hospital and farm wastewater. Gel electrophoresis, Gram's staining, and catalase test were used to identify microbes in wastewater.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; wastewater; lignin biochar supported nZVI; rice husk biochar supported nZVI; Staphylococcus aureus

The article dedicated to finding measure of compactness of normalized dataset, and analyze dataset with using compactness. For finding measure of compactness, we search for hidden regularities from “jaw” database. In this way we need consider n-p full task and it will be 2ⁿ combinations. To solve this task, we use heuristic way with using binary matrix. In the article, we use various methods which find normalization of dataset. Our experiments were taken from “jaw” and we obtained a result from this dataset.

Keywords: object; set; class; feature; nominal; quantitative; space; similarity matrix

In the last two or three years, farmers have faced extremely challenging circumstances, particularly in the mango industry. This is because of climate change, specifically storms or cyclones, which have severely damaged mango crops during the pea-sized fruiting and flowering stages in Gujarat. As a result, farmers have lost a significant amount of mango yield and their financial worth. Mango cultivation entails several challenges, as evidenced by the fact that nearly every variation exists. Mango production is eventually losing money for farmers owing to factors such as alternate bearer, limited shelf life, major or minor diseases, and lack of resistance to climate change. For over two or three years, the sonpari variety of mango has gained widespread popularity among consumers because of its outstanding flavour, resistance to disease, pests, and disorders, and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions.

This research includes the effects of preharvest 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) (Harvista) treatments on fruit drop, fruit quality and harvest maturity of ‘Pink Lady- Cripps Pink’ apple cultivar. The research had materialized in 2016 and 2017. For this purpose, preharvest 1-Methylcyclopropene treatments at doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 g ha^-1 were applied to ‘Cripps pink’ apple cultivar in Çanakkale, Lapseki region, Turkey. Samplings collected from trees at application day and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after applications respectively. Fruit drop rate, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, starch degradation, titratable acidity, skin color, and ethylene production were evaluated after each sampling date. Furthermore, fruits were kept at 20-22°C temperature and 50-60% relative humidity conditions for 7 and 14 days as shelf life to determine the changes in quality assessments. According to the results, Harvista applications with 150 and 200 g ha^-1 doses were found out as the most positive applications because of preventing fruit drop and minimizing the changes of quality parameters. Harvest maturity could be prolonged for 21 days with these application doses.

Keywords: Cripps pink; 1-Methylcyclopropene; fruit drop; quality parameters; shelf life

     When considering the entire history of science, DNA sequencing is still a relatively new process. Here, we take a quick look at its potential in a few current and developing fields.

Developmental biology

     Each of us begins as a single cell and grows into a highly ordered mass of billions of cells. But our knowledge of development is still incomplete. Sequencing-based, scalable single-cell profiling is made possible by recent technology. While ex vivo methods, such as single-cell RNA-seq, are widely used, one unconventional method involves performing RNA or protein sequencing in situ, which preserves the spatial context. Other cutting-edge techniques utilize transport barcodes to catalogue neural connections or in vivo editing of the genome to monitor cell-lineage associations. DNA editing may be used to document biological events more broadly, such as tracking calcium levels or gene expression.

Hill Agroforestry Systems (HAS) are often characterized by the integration of woody perennials with other crops like cereal, pulses, vegetables and livestock on steep sloppy terrain where agrarian lands are managed through terrace farming. It forms an integration of various plant species and their interactions with other ecological components which plays a crucial role in sustainable land-use management and environment conservation. Usually in hilly regions, farming is predominantly of subsistence type. Due to rough terrain and harsh climatic conditions, fear of human animal conflict and poor soil productivity, farmers here often face challenges while maintain their farmlands and the livestock.

A major threat for the agriculture is to feed ever increasing global population, simultaneously need for decreasing the environmental effect and conserving natural resources for the coming generations. Agriculture impacts on environment negatively and positively. But the negative impacts are so serious as pollution and deterioration in soil, water, and air. The agriculture has also beneficially effect on environment as carbon sequestering in food crops and soils or reducing flood threats by following some sustainable farming practices. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development checking relationship among the environment and agriculture recognized policies for agriculture, which are beneficial to reduce the harmful effects on environment while increasing the beneficial impacts and gives the direction to enhance policy consistence of the agricultural sector for the environmental production.

     Adopting climate-resilient agriculture practices can indeed enhance income security by mitigating the risks posed by climate change. It involves implementing strategies that help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions, such as droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures. These practices can include crop diversification, improved water management, soil conservation, and the use of resilient crop varieties. By adopting such practices, farmers can better protect their crops and livelihoods against climate-related risks, ultimately leading to improved income security.

     Climate-resilient agriculture refers to practices, technologies, and systems that help agriculture adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. These approaches aim to maintain or increase agricultural productivity while enhancing the resilience of farming systems to climate variability and extreme weather events.

This research examined the necessity of the use of the Raster calculator tool of the map algebra in ArcGis for calculating the indices for enhanced and soil adjusted vegetation indices. The values acquired will then be used to cautiously observe the growth of sugarcane from the planting stage to harvesting stage. maps will be generated, green and red colors will be used to show bad health and good health of sugarcane. Additionally, after adequate examination, it was realized that when these broad band indices are made into maps it can be used in monitoring the growth of sugarcane in these regions

Keywords: Enhanced Vegetation Indices; Fadama

With the current world population being at 8 billion and still counting, there is an urgent need to tackle the questions in food security, which can be answered by improvements in the various crop species and their sustainable management practices. These improvements can include the production of various stress resistant crops, that cause minimal resource exhaustion. Thus, in order to produce such novel crop strains, approaches such as Nano Omics can be employed. Also, introduction of certain properties and changes in certain metabolic pathways of plants can lead to them being much more suited for sustainable agricultural practices. Omics refers to the holistic approach of studying (quantifying, localizing, characterization) of all the essential components of a biological body, such as, genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites. The amalgamation of this knowledge with the emerging field of nanotechnology can bring about revolutionary amendments in the field of crop improvement and crop management, that would lead to better sustainable agricultural practices and food security. Omics technology (specifically, Genomics) has already enabled the development of crops like, drought tolerant maize, Flavr savr tomato, rice with higher grain production, etc. Besides, there has also been the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in precision agriculture to improve crop quality, nutritional value, pathogen resistance, and most significantly to improve crop resilience against extreme climatic conditions. Additionally, ENMs have been used in various crop management practices and experiments to detect nano-toxicity, or as carriers or active material in nano- enabled pesticides. Hence, employing these approaches would also help in the development of agricultural practices that are both sustainable and resilient to the ever-changing climatic conditions, but what one needs to understand is the abundance of such techniques which often remain unemployed due to lack of feasibility.

Keywords: Engineered nanomaterials; Nanotechnology; Nano-toxicity; Omics; Agriculture

As the global population rapidly grows to 10 billion by 2050, the need for sustainable and efficient food production has never been pressing. The most recent statistics indicates that, global aquaculture production hit a record-breaking 130.90 million tons in 2022 (SOFIA, 2024). The aquaculture sector, which is already indispensable in providing global food demands, is facing growing challenges, including rising feed costs, pollution, and the need to reduce its dependence on traditional fishmeal and soybean meal. In this crossroads, the arrival of insects is a boon to the industry because they represent an understated yet revolutionary subject in the quest for sustainable aquaculture. Insects, particularly black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have emerged as strong options for inclusion in aqua feeds (Singh et al., 2023). Their protein content is comparable to fishmeal, indicating a remarkable amino acid profile required for aquatic animals' growth and health. According to studies, insect protein can effectively substitute up to 50% of fishmeal in diets for a number of fish species without affecting growth performance or feed efficiency (Siddaiah et al., 2023). This substitution not only reduces pressure on wild fish species, but also promotes to create a more balanced and resilient food system. Furthermore, insects are not only a feasible protein source; they are also high in lipids, vitamins, and minerals, which boost the nutritional content of aqua-feeds (Ardra et al., 2024). The inclusion of them in fish diets has been related to improved intestinal health, disease resistance, and even better quality products in terms of flavour and texture. As research reveals the many benefits of insect-based feed, the potential for wider adoption in the industry grows tremendously.

This study aims to assess the natural background radiation from shisha and evaluate the hazard level. The main part of this study was to estimate the annual effective dosage from inhalation, which will help to clarify the health hazards related to breathing in the radioactive materials included in shishas. The activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides was measured in six shisha samples using gamma spectroscopy using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The specific activity of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in shisha samples ranged from 1.29 ± 0.63 to 9.45 ± 4.5 Bq kg^-1 with an average of 6.76± 2.83, 2.436.76 ±2.83 to 12.46 + 13.5 Bq kg^-1 with an average of 7.96 ± 14.6 to 364.9 ± 0.0 Bq kg^-1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity for all samples ranged from 6.65 to 53.91 with an average of 33.92 ± 15, respectively below the world-recommended limit. The absorbed dose rate (DR) for all samples ranged from 3.09 to 26.47 nGyh^-1 with an average of 16.48 ±7.53 nGyh^-1 compared with the world average of 60 nGyh^-1. The value of the external hazard index, or yearly effective dosage equivalent, is less than the globally recognized limit, which is a unit. The AEDE was indoor and outdoor varied from 0.015 to 0.145 mSvy^--1 with an average of 0.090 mSvy^--1 and ranged from 0.04 to 0.036 with an average of 0.023 mSvy^-1, respectively. The value of ELCR ranged from 0.066 to 0.568(10^-3) with an average of 0.313(10^-3). According to these findings, the activities of radium equivalent in all the shisha samples are lesser than the limit (370 Bq kg^-1) recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report, and the annual effective dose was within the safe limit of 1 mSvy^-1.

Keywords: Ionizing radiation; specific activity; External index; Internal index; shisha; Dose rate

Sewage is a climate linked science in that C and N containing compounds before their final sequestration stage are the most potential GHGs like CH4 and N2O. Therefore, their sequestration and or fixation is THE AIM of sewage treatment. Besides public health the sewage management is about climate health. All organic compounds in STPs, must be addressed at molecular level and not in terms of tonnage and billions of dollars invested on infrastructure and technology. Rivers are the anaerobic digesters of this planet. The process begins at zero order streams and urbanism has destroyed them long ago. Above all sustainable cities are a myth. Evaluation of conventional STPs reveal that it is a living cell membrane with a sandwich structure and gas diffusion through it goes beyond Boyle’s law. Aeration and dilution for pumping convenience is a flawed path. Argument is that if atmospheric oxygen can be taken by a microbe in the aeration process, why do plant cells require Nitrifiers to take atmospheric nitrogen? Although CO2 concentration is 0.04 % against nitrogen (79%). Henry’s law if applicable should not permit CO2 uptake by plants. Study reveals that Sewage degradation is an energy releasing path, any external input interferes with the process. Sewage treatment or transfer? Conventional STPs emphasize only gravitational pull. Environmental quality is compromised as the aerosol from the treatment plant is carried in the atmosphere. STPs are throwing in the air Nitrous oxide and aerosol. Oxidation Reduction Potential, ORP, of various molecules forms the basis of organic degradation- a staircase structure through which energy flows from higher status to lower status molecules, elements, following the second law of Thermodynamics. Further this paper explains the Molecular nature of the sludge and conversion of Fecal acetate to Sludge acetate in ASP, achieving nothing in terms of wastewater treatment. Propagating the science of sewage and its dynamics is the goal of this paper.

Keywords: Sewage science; conventional STPs; Activated sludge; role of Microbes

Aiming at the problem of difficult scaling and high risk in experimental determination under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, a prediction model of calcium carbonate scaling under high-temperature and high-pressure was established. The model starts from chemical equilibrium conditions, based on the carbonate gas-liquid-solid three-phase equilibrium conditions, considering the interaction between carbon dioxide concentration and various ions, using the solubility product rule to establish, using the Pitzer model to solve the compound activity coefficient, and calculating the parameters such as equilibrium constant and gas activity in the solution through the experimental regression model. The model can accurately predict the solubility of calcium carbonate in different aqueous solutions, which the error in pure water and barium chloride solution is within 5%, and the error considering the influence of carbon dioxide partial pressure is 14%. Using the model can accurately predict the scaling situation of the system under high temperature and high pressure, and has theoretical guiding significance for the implementation of downhole scale prevention process.

Keywords: High-temperature and high-pressure; Scale formation; The prediction model

Botanical studies and environmental monitoring rely heavily on accurate species identification, including the Iris family. In this research, we present a unique method for employing a Decision Tree classifier to speed up the process of recognizing Iris plant species from their leaves alone. The information included measurements of sepal and petal length and breadth, among other characteristics of Iris leaves. We cleaned up the data, performed feature selection, and separated it into training and test sets as part of the preprocessing. The model was then trained using the training data and a Decision Tree method. During testing, the trained model showed impressive accuracy in distinguishing Iris species. Based on our findings, it seems that the Decision Tree technique may accurately classify Iris species by leaf characteristics. This automated method shows promise for assisting conservation efforts in many habitats and improving species identification in botanical research.Other study might entail incorporating this method into mobile apps for in-the-field, real-time species identification using other machine learning approaches.

Keywords: Decision tree classifier; iris leaf features; plant species identification

The objective of this work is to develop image quality control programs with M software that allow the automation of image analysis in radiodiagnostic areas, including computed tomography (CT), conventional X-ray and mammography images. For each of these imaging equipment, automatic image analysis software was designed. This allowed the creation of a simple and robust interface, capable of speeding up measurement times and ensuring repeatability of the tests.

Keywords: Radiodiagnostics; medical physics; quality control; medical informatics

Soil's role in carbon sequestration

     In the intricate web of Earth's carbon cycle, the soil emerges as a silent yet formidable hero, donning the mantle of a masterful carbon sequestration artist, weaving a tapestry of ecological stability and climate resilience. Imagine, if you will, the soil as a vast underground repository, a secret vault where the Earth stores away its atmospheric carbon, safeguarding the delicate balance of our planet's climate.

The climate change has both positive as well as negative effect on agriculture. Therefore, to minimize losses due to climate change, researches should be done in this area to ensure food security to the increasing populations. The surface water, underground water, drinking water and rain water are affected adversely due to anthropogenically accelerated climate change. Therefore, there is need ensuring of quality of water, land, air and environment for plants and animal security and livelihood. Agriculture supports 70 percent of the population in India for livelihood Security. But due to neglect it is unable to harness its true potential. India has all the ingredients for an agro-industrial revolution –man, money and material but due to the absence of entrepreneurship, there is hardly any value added activity at the farm level and 98 percent of our farm produce is sold in the raw form. It is therefore there is need of a large scale training and entrepreneurship development programmes be launched annually in the farm sector.

This article analyses the current situation and proposes a solution for the key links in “linking together for five houses” (The Government (State); Scientists; Enterprises; Farmers; Banks) in An Giang province, Vietnam. Besides, this article provides some of recommendations solutions for sustainable agricultural development through the five-house linkage model in An Giang province, Vietnam.

The article presents the results of research on the development of technology for growing cotton on a ridge with targeted and uniform moistening of the root system of plants, which together contributed to the creation of optimal conditions for machine harvesting of raw cotton by ensuring early maturation (for 2-3 weeks), smooth movement of the machine and high yield.

One of the main requirements when preparing a cotton field for machine harvesting is its alignment, which ensures smooth movement of the machine and a stable stable position of the harvesting machines relative to the treated cotton bushes. To use the developed technology and the sowing unit in farms using drip irrigation systems with the laying of flexible perforated irrigation tapes in the upper part of the ridge along its entire length, comb formation and sowing of cotton seeds are performed simultaneously, which allows leveling the initial sowing on the ridge of the alignment of rows to prepare the field for machine harvesting.

We report the rice plant growth and increase three times harvest, putting smoked charcoals and the activated generator in the rice field. Regarding onions, we found a sweet, less-than-sharp taste, putting the activated hemp tape on the ground of the onion farm for the spring onion. We discussed the photosynthesis of onion without sunlight using SIGN water, which emits far-infrared and THz electromagnetic waves. We estimated the mechanism of potassium and phosphorus activating the efficiency of enzymes in the process. We also reported the sweetness of fruits like oranges and persimmon. In Happy Spring, we introduced the flowers blooming in the author’s garden.

Keywords: rice plant; smoked charcoal; pico-sized water; chlorophyll function; onion

There are 146.45 million operational holdings in the country and about 86.45 % are marginal and small farmers. To fulfill the basic demands of households including food (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, milk, fruit, honey, meat, eggs, etc.), feed, fodder fuel and fibre attract the attention of integrated farming systems (IFS). Undoubtedly, the majority of the farmers have been doing farming for a long back but their main focus was on individual components, rather than on an integrated manner. A lot of efforts have been made by the ICAR and State Agricultural Universities (SAU) level, aiming at increasing the productivity of different components of the farming system like crop, dairy, livestock, poultry, piggery, goat keeping, duckery, apiculture, sericulture, horticulture, mushroom production, etc. but lacking in their integration by following farming system approaches. The allocation of farmland involving different enterprises viz. cereals (34%), pulses (19%), oilseed (4%), horticulture (15%), fishery (7%), livestock (4%), poultry (0.002%), boundary plantation (1%), kitchen garden (1%) and green fodder production (13%) under different cropping and farming systems throughout the year. Land allocation in integrated farming systems is very crucial for the efficient use of all available resources and to enhance input use efficiency. The integration was made in such a way that product of one component should be used as input for other enterprises with a high degree of complementary effects on each other. The fodder fed to cattle produces milk, dung, urine and litter producing farmyard manure and the energy used for crops and fish ponds. The silting of fish ponds is utilized as manure for crops, however, farmyard manure/ vermicompost and other farm-based wastes can substitute about 55.6% of recommended N, P, and K for crops, besides, improving the physical and biological properties of soil. The fish pond water can be used by gravity method when there is a breakdown in the electricity supply. Oilseed crops (mustard and sunflower) provide nectar for honey bees, edible oil for humans, and oilseed cakes for dairy animal's feed. Integrated nutrient management (INM) through green manuring enhances the productivity of cereals (rice and wheat) by 0.5 to 1.0 tons/ha. Processing and value addition of different farms shall increase income to the tune of 25& 50% higher over direct selling of fruits and vegetables in the market, besides, generation of 626 man-days/family/year of employment from 1.5 ha of a model. The fish pond embankment (dike) comprising of 20-30% can be used for growing of annual cucurbits, cole crops, and fruit trees like guava, papaya, and lemon which have provided effective soil cover to check the soil and water erosions and also making the system more economically viable. The preliminary research investigations advocated the benefits of productivity improvement by 40-50% depending upon the number and kind of enterprises and their management. The information on farming systems in a systematic way is an effort to present in form of a technical bulletin. The methodology is explained keeping in mind the work done so far to realize better productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production systems that would help to solve the problem of food, fuel, feed, and energy crisis, creating more employment avenues, ensuring regular income to encourage agriculture-oriented industries which are purely dependent on agriculture and allied sectors. Backyard poultry and nutritional kitchen gardening have been found a suitable IFS component for nutritional security as well as income generation. Demonstration of poultry component produced a total of 68 eggs per farm family per month. While nutritional kitchen gardening provided 80% of the family's requirement for fresh vegetables. Adoption of IFS model helps in reducing the impact of climate change through strategies like mitigation and adaptation because of dependence on external sources for inputs like insecticides, chemical fertilizers, and other chemicals that are being used in farm produce. The output of one process becomes inputs for the other while the quality and quantity of production are enhanced. Furthermore, farm families are kept actively involved in farming activities by the constant need for labour to maintain a system of diversification of crops and livestock farming in an integrated manner to benefit each other and cut down the cost of production.

Lignin is a three-dimensional, amorphous polymer that forms a network within the plant cell wall. Thus, Oil spills have significant economic impacts on various industries, particularly those dependent on fisheries and tourism. Contaminated fishing grounds result in damaged or destroyed fishing fleets, ecology and long-term contamination. Ultimately, effective and sustainable oil spill cleanup methods play a critical role in mitigating the environmental and economic impacts of oil spills, as well as in promoting the long-term health and resilience of affected ecosystems. the concept of lignin-based aerogels as a potential solution for petroleum refineries oil spill treatment, as well as a sustainable solution for the cleanup. Therefore, research can focus on further optimizing the properties of lignin-based aerogels to enhance their oil sorption capacity, porosity, and mechanical strength. This can be achieved through modifications in processing parameters such as solvent choice, drying methods, and cross-linking techniques.

Keywords: Petroleum; Refineries; Lignin; Aerogels; Oil; Treatment

The potential impact of climate change on olive cultivation in Mediterranean regions, with a specific focus on Djibouti, is studied, and a smart agriculture approach, based on climate change adaptation, is proposed. This study, conducted in Djibouti, examines the utilization of advanced technologies such as data mining, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, drones, and cloud computing to anticipate the damage caused by climate change on agricultural yields. The overall objective of this study is to create sustainable and intelligent agriculture, often referred to as Agriculture 4.0, by controlling soil, water, and weather conditions to optimize plant growth in the unique context of Djibouti. By integrating these technologies, the project aims to increase yields and profits for farmers in Djibouti, thereby promoting more resilient agriculture in the face of climate change. Expected outcomes include pilot projects, policy models, blueprints, and the development of human resources specialized in the field of smart agriculture tailored to the conditions of Djibouti. In summary, the article presents an innovative approach to address climate challenges in olive cultivation in Djibouti and other Mediterranean regions, utilizing advanced technologies.

Keywords: Climate change; Smart agriculture; Artificial intelligence; Agriculture 4.0; Sustainable agriculture and Djiboutian agricultural human resources

The integration of aquaponics as a comprehensive and sustainable framework for backyard farming is methodically examined in this review study, with a particular focus on balancing the ecological, economic, and social elements of agriculture. This study explores the complex interactions between hydroponics and aquaculture that are present in the aquaponic system and clarifies how these interactions may be used to create a symbiotic relationship that maximizes resource use while also reducing environmental impact. The review thoroughly examines the principles of nutrient cycling in aquaponics while examining ecological aspects, emphasizing the efficient transformation of fish waste into nutrient-rich water for plant development. This paper presents aquaponics as an environmentally conscientious alternative to conventional farming methods, highlighting the closed-loop system's effectiveness in lowering water usage and reducing dependency on external fertilizers. The study assesses the financial feasibility of aquaponic systems for backyard farming, taking into account variables such as setup costs, ongoing expenditures, and yield potential. After a thorough analysis of the opportunities for small-scale business, the assessment highlights aquaponics as a financially viable option for those who want to become self-sufficient in their food production. The review also explores aquaponics' social aspects and how it might be used as a tool for community development and education. Through an examination of its capacity to advance sustainable farming methods, increase consciousness, and encourage community involvement, the research underscores the wider societal advantages linked to aquaponic systems.

This thorough analysis concludes by presenting aquaponics as the ideal home farming method, balancing ecological, economic, and social factors in a well-thought-out manner. The combined results add a great deal of understanding to the discussion of sustainable agriculture and support the broad use of aquaponics in order to develop a resilient and balanced agricultural environment.

Keywords: Aquaponics; Hydroponics; sustainability; backyard farming; ecological harmony

A predominant approach for organisational inquiry is Action Research, but it comes in many forms and in some cases ends up as all research and no action or vice versa. A prevalent feature of all action research is the importance of meeting stakeholders in order to gain an understanding ‘from within’; This is specifically the case where Soft Action Research is the basis of the inquiry.

In this paper, the author reflects, briefly, upon the history of action research and the lessons learnt from the outcomes of a recent research he conducted using the Appreciative Inquiry Method (AIM). The author discusses the adoption of soft action research to investigate the domain of decision-making in complex engineering organizations in a bid for technical managers to learn about their own decision-making practices and optimise their decisions. The main study findings conducted across 2 different agencies were largely consistent and they include the following: superior officer’s view/opinion, technical know-how and integration with other departments are the most important to the technical managers when making their decisions. Within the concept of power-play in decision-making making - the superior officer’s influence was found to play a key role in addressing varying judgements or split opinions due to their experience, and also in getting management’s support on their critical decisions.

The lessons learnt from the researcher’s experiences will help inform other researchers and professionals using the Soft Systems Method of inquiry and open opportunities for others to explore further the merits and demerits of Soft Action Research.

The method discussed in this paper can be used to acquire quality data which can be used to develop training prompts for artificial intelligence applications and help develop a repository for multi-criteria decision analysis and algorithm/method for analysis of enterprise risk. The overall research is part of the organization’s management (CSTP-NASRDA) plan to improve decision-making amongst its technical managers.

Keywords: Appreciative Inquiry Method (AIM); Appreciation; Decision-making; Intuition; power-play

This article covers the issues of determining the diagnostic parameters of electric motors, predicting the state of failure and its prevention, effective usage of electric equipment and increasing its reliability. It analyzes the state of failures of asynchronous motors used in our country and gives appropriate conclusions.

The main failure factors of electrical equipment were analyzed, their technical condition was assessed, and the main diagnostic parameters causing the failure state were determined, and the necessity of the parameter of the influence of the operational period on useful work coefficient was substantiated. The most common type of damage to electric motors was the burnout of the insulation or black discoloration of the coil insulation - 78.9%. In the electric motor failure case, there was three-phase burnout at 37.7%, two-phase burnout at 21.3%, and single-phase burnout at 19.9%.

Keywords: agriculture; technological process; electric motor; failure; operation; interphase circuit; insulation resistance; rotor braking

Regarding the medical or chemistry of the omicron virus, I usually go back to the amino acids of the spike protein vs. the formed protein by the virus, along with bonding strength between atoms in the chemical compounds.

The most challenging theme is to relate brain biology to medicine or disease, and I always think about the cause in view of substance, even if we do not understand it. The method is an estimation of the substance(s) to the disease or remedy and considers the mechanisms with physics (Medicon Medical Sciences 2.4 (2022): 11-20). It is successful when the estimation connects to evidence; here is the example of cerebral infarction, which involves injecting electrons onto acupuncture points through the instrument. (Medicon Agriculture & Environmental Sciences 2.2 (2022): 13-20. & Medicon Medical Sciences 3.6 (2022): 20-26).

The effect of biostimulants Uchkun, Uchkun plus, Gossipren, and Verva on pumpkin plants was studied in the conditions of the Andijan region (Uzbekistan). It was established that pre-sowing treatment with biostimulants facilitated seed germination and growth processes. The most effective growth stimulator on cucumber was Uchkun Plus.

Keywords: biostimulants; Uchkun; Uchkun plus; Gossipren; Verva; parthenocarpic plant

The paper attempts to analyze the pattern of fish consumption as well as the factors that leads the people to consume fish of Gujarat. The study location is Gir—Somnath district of Gujarat.360 people participated in the survey and the result reveals that the current the per capita fish consumption is 1.69 kg with cephalopods, hilsa and anchovies featuring as the preferred species. Conjoint analysis revealed that source of purchase, reasons for particular places of purchase as well as drivers of buying fish were the three determining factors that influenced fish consumption in Somnath-Gir. The fish consumers seemed to prefer retail markets as the preferred source of purchase due to freshness of the fish and the main driver for fish consumption has been the assured quality.

Keywords: Fish consumption Conjoint analysis; Garette ranking; Somnath Gir-Gujarat

Vicia dasycarpa is a highly adaptable plant found naturally in many pastures and rainfed fields of Iran. It is suitable for arid and semi-arid regions. To study the sowing dates (autumn, waiting, spring), line spacing (25, 30 cm), and plant density (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 per m²) in Maragheh Vetch a split-split plot with a randomized complete block design in three replications was performed during 2020-2022. The result shows that the years, planting dates, and density of plants per m² have a significant effect on all studied traits at 1%. The highest fodder, grain, and biomass yield, plant height, and weight of 100 seeds, as well as the longest flowering, podding, and physiological ripening days were achieved through autumn sowing in both years. The highest fodder and grain yield was achieved with 300 and 200 plants per m² density, respectively. The plants with 150 and 200 per m² dens were taller than others. While the highest weight of 100 seeds, and the longest flowering, podding, and physiological ripening days were obtained in 100 plants per m² density. In conclusion, the study recommends autumn sowing, 200 to 300 plants per m² density, and 30cm line spacing for the cultivation of Maragheh Vetch.

Keywords: Maragheh Vetch; Fodder; Line spacing; Dryland; cover plants

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have emerged as a compelling candidate for revolutionizing plant science, offering unique attributes that can positively impact plant growth and development. This review delves into the synthesis and characterization methods of ZnO-NPs, elucidating their physicochemical properties. The subsequent exploration of the biological relevance of ZnO-NPs in plant systems encompasses their influence on seed germination, nutrient absorption, and stress resilience. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review aims to provide insights into the promising potential of ZnO-NPs in advancing sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles; synthesis; characterization; plant science; sustainable agriculture; seed germination; nutrient absorption; stress resilience; nanomaterials

Introduction: The article substantiates the importance of production of organic agro-food products in Georgia. Based on the assessment of the natural-resource potential of the production of bio products, the opportunities for the production of Georgian bio products and the expansion of positions on the local and international markets have been studied.

Aim and tasks: The aim of the study is to reveal the challenges of production of organic agricultural products in Georgia and develop recommendations on development opportunities.

Research results: As the findings of the research as the main challenges are identified small amount of certified products, complex certification process, lack of knowledge and skills of farmers, low access to credit and finance, lack of information about both local and export bio products markets, etc.

Conclusions: Through bibliographic research and interviews with experts, conclusions are made on the main challenges of production of organic agricultural products in Georgia. As a result of the analysis, the ways to overcome them are proposed and relevant recommendations are made

Keywords: Bio Economy; bio products; Georgia; bio production challenges; bio certificates; export expansion opportunities

India is the largest producer of milk, pulses and 2nd largest producer of rice, wheat etc., Even though we are the supreme producer of major agricultural commodities we are not up to the mark in order to feed the growing population. Along with this climate change again acts as a Barrier in producing agriculture produce and Global population and changing diet are driving up to the demand for the food. Ocean health declining, natural resources including soil, water and biodiversity all are depleting. A 2020 report found that nearly 8.9% of the global population are hungry, it also estimated that we should produce about 70% more food by 2050 to feed an estimated 9 billion people. Along with this agriculture is intensified by extreme vulnerability to climate change. Climate change negative impacts are already felt in form of increase in temperature, weather variability etc., So in order to tackle climate variation and feed large population we may use climate smart practices as a means. Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time. It could show up as a change in climate normal for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next.

This paper provides a concise overview of the agricultural marketing landscape in India, highlighting key aspects such as market structures, government interventions, technological advancements, and challenges faced by stakeholders. The evolving nature of agricultural marketing, marked by policy reforms and a shift towards direct marketing, is explored. Government initiatives, including Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanisms and recent legislative acts, are examined in the context of their impact on farmers and market dynamics. The paper emphasizes the role of technology in reshaping traditional practices and the potential it holds for creating transparent and efficient market mechanisms. Challenges such as fragmented land holdings, inadequate infrastructure, and information disparities are acknowledged as critical impediments. As India navigates the path towards modernizing its agricultural marketing system, striking a balance between the interests of farmers, consumers, and market participants emerges as a crucial consideration for fostering a sustainable and resilient agri-food sector.

Keywords: Agricultural marketing; ICT; MSP; price policy; world trade

A sizable section of the people in India depends on the agricultural industry for their livelihood, which is vital to the country's economy. This abstract summarizes a thorough investigation into the difficulties and prospects that India's agricultural labor force may encounter. The study looks at the many problems that this workforce faces and looks into ways to develop sustainably.

The report lists the main issues that agricultural workers face, including low pay, a lack of social security, and restricted access to contemporary technologies. It looks into the socioeconomic differences that are common in the industry and how they affect workers' well-being. The study also looks at the seasonality of agricultural work and how it affects the stability of revenue.

The study examines the opportunities for change and identifies viable ways to improve the socioeconomic circumstances of laborers in agriculture. It takes into account how government regulations, technological advancements, and skill-building initiatives can empower employees and promote diversity. The potential for agro-based industries and the diversification of rural economies as means of generating more employment possibilities is also examined in the analysis.

In addition, the abstract highlights how crucial environmentally friendly farming methods and preservation are to the industry's long-term survival. It emphasizes the necessity of an all-encompassing strategy that promotes agricultural resilience and productivity while attending to the wellbeing of agricultural labor.

This study adds to the body of knowledge already available on agricultural labor in India by offering a sophisticated perspective of the difficulties encountered by this essential workforce. The study intends to educate stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers on the intricacies of the agricultural labor market and promote inclusive and sustainable practices in the industry by offering viable solutions and opportunities for development.

Keywords: labor; issues; India; employment; and agriculture

This paper deals with one of the basic needs of man at all-times namely drinking water. Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and ground sources and is treated to levels that that meet state and federal standards for consumption. Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses and fecal matter. There are various health problems which are caused if we consume non-potable water, these problems can be reproductive problems, gastrointestinal issues, etc. If the amount of lead content in the water rises above a certain level then it can cause various complications, especially for young ones and pregnant women.

Keywords: Potable water; public health; water and heath; SDGs

In this work, the prediction of monsoon rain is done using four methods. These methods are: The Time Series method, The Root Mean Square (RMS) method, The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. To estimate the rainfall - the average value for these methods is used.

It is a fact that the average value of the rain in Telangana is low as compared to other parts of India. There was unusually high rainfall amount that had taken place last year here, yet one needs to make this forecast so that the farmers do not get surprised if the rainfall is low in the coming year.

Keywords: Monsoon rain prediction; rainfall frequency spectrum; drought and famine; crop failure; drinking water shortage

Twitter is a microblogging platform that allows users to send and read 140-character messages, or "tweets." A lot of unstructured, free content linked to healthcare is shared on Twitter, which is becoming a well-known platform for restorative research. One type of information mining that provides an assessment of the identification opinion investigation process in characteristic dialect preparation is estimation investigation. Computational phonetics is used to infer and analyse mental knowledge of the internet, social media, and related references through content analysis. The information gathered truly assesses the attitudes or mindsets of the global community towards specific goods, people, or issues and revealed the pertinent duality of the data. Sentiment analysis is applied in various reveal the contextual duality of knowledge and the attitudes of society towards particular products, persons, or ideas. Many industries, including the health care industry, use sentiment analysis. Social media and websites that rate medical issues are only two examples of the vast amounts of online resources for healthcare information that are not carefully reviewed. Using medical data to optimise patient outcomes and raise the standard of healthcare is only one of the numerous advantages that come with sentiment analysis. The techniques for sentiment analysis that are utilised in the medical area are the main topic of this review article.

     Big agriculture value chains are exploiting the natural Resources. These value chains are impacting the society in negative way. To earn the profit agriculture commodities companies are promoting the large scale monoculture crop cultivation. Sometimes practices like child labour, extensive use of the agrochemicals, destruction of local bio diversity, extinction of local flora and fauna species, and breakage of the food chains, polluting the environment, and financial insecurities of small & marginal farmers are adopted to make the blind profits. These all ill practices are directly linked with the profit making mind-set. Sustainable agriculture is not the need of present it is the need of future generations. Agricultural value chain should be formed in such way that it should include ethical sourcing practices and responsible agriculture methods. Sustainable farming practices will help small & marginal farmers to live with dignity.

As the concept of sustainable living has gained significant attention, the importance of kitchen gardens in urban areas has become increasingly recognized. One of the significance of kitchen gardens in urban areas is their role in promoting food security. Rapid urbanization has led to increased distances between food production centers and urban settlements, resulting in longer food supply chains and a decrease in the freshness and nutritional value of food. By having a kitchen garden, urban dwellers can grow their own fresh produce at home, making good use of empty tins, old utensils, and clay flower pots, ensuring a constant supply of nutritious food for themselves and their families. This activity not only saves money and time but can also provide a healthy, practical, and environmentally friendly hobby for the whole family.

In this paper, the author identifies different key drivers of human activity systems by viewing communication from a system’s perspective. These drivers include signs of meaning, behaviours, structure, and process. These signs can assist system designers/analysts in identifying these four elements (meaning, behaviours, structures and process), both conceptual and concrete. By pinpointing these signs, the authors posit that it becomes feasible to assess any misalignment among elements of the human activity system and thereby enhance its success in achieving its purpose. Consequently, the interplay between conceptual and concrete systems can be more strategically engineered to elevate system effectiveness and efficiency.

With the advent of Natural programming Language (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI), the author posits that it is now possible to bridge the gap between physical or discrete systems and human activity systems. System designers or analysts can train prompts to register and recognise human activity systems’ signs to enable AI (Artificial intelligence) to learn from them without having to write mathematically inspired lines of code but using a natural human language.

It is the aim of the author to improve system’s literacy amongst practitioners and academics through this work. This paper builds on the author’s recent work on the conceptualisation of decision-making as a human activity system (D’MHAS) and presents key drivers of the human activity system within the concept of system, signs and purpose.

Keywords: System; Signs; Human activity system; Purpose

This data is analysed using four different methods which are: The Time Series method, The Root Mean Square (RMS) method, The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The Time Series method, The Root Mean Square (RMS) method, The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The predicted value using each of the methods is the average of these methods.

This predicted value is compared with the actual value. The reason why it is compared with the average value is because rainfall distribution has been found to be having a normal distribution where the mean or the average value has the maximum probability [1].

Introduction: The digitization process is multifaceted and serves different purposes. This process requires the effective use of various strategic assets. The paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities of the digitization process in small and medium enterprises in the example of Georgia. Various approaches have been used as research methodology, in particular, local and international scientific papers and official reports have been studied from various scientific bases. Analysis and comparison methods are used.

Aim and tasks: The main purpose of the article is to highlight the main challenges and approaches for promoting the digitization process in SMEs in Georgia. To achieve this goal foreign experience in different countries in terms of stimulating digital transformation has been studied.

Research results: The agricultural sector of Georgia is taken as the focus of the research. Accordingly, in the agricultural sector, the number of representatives of small and medium-sized businesses was initially determined. As the findings of the analysis revealed, small and medium-sized enterprises have less opportunity to implement digital transformation - the smaller the enterprise, the less likely it is to adopt new digital technologies. The impact of the number of Internet and social media users on productivity is positive.

Conclusions: Conclusions are made on the main barriers to digital transformation in SMEs. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were made and relevant recommendations were written.

Keywords: Digital transformation; Digital infrastructure; Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs); Agricultural sector; Digitization barriers; Online community

Early diagnosis and control of diseases assume critical importance in the poultry farming industry. While the large sized scale poultry farms may be able to afford in-house veterinary support, the small and medium-sized operations may not be able to have theirown diagnosis services, making it all the more critical for such farms to make use of the emerging technologies to assist them in the early diagnosis and control of their poultry farms. Prompt and accurate identification of poultry diseases without delay assumes paramount importance, as the delays can be devastating, resulting in significant economic losses. To confront this pressing issue, our research presents a novel and highly practical method with the use of Deep learning models. We harness the capabilities of Deep learning and image analysis to facilitate quick diagnosis of diseases. The paper has attempted to analyze the fecal images and train a range of models such as GoogleNet, Resenet18, ShuffleNet, SqueezeNet, and Vision Transform, achieving a peak test accuracy of 97.62%. Towards this, the study has made use of an extensive dataset of over half a million images and in the process accounted for the challenging environmental conditions such as dust on cameras and lower quality of images. The model can automatically identify common poultry diseases such as Coccidiosis, New Castle Disease, and Salmonella through the analysis of fecal images. The study is an attempt to bridge the gap between technological advancements and the day-to-day requirements in disease detection requirements of the poultry farming community, which may in turn support the poultry industry in better sustainability, economics, and enhanced welfare of the birds. The dataset used in this study has been made available Poultry Pathology Visual Dataset (kaggle.com).

Keywords: Poultry Disease Diagnosis; Automated Disease Identification; GoogleNet; Resenet18; ShuffleNet; SqueezeNet; Vision Transform

Fertilizers are main component for high yield sustainable agriculture. Choice of a fertilizer depends on unit cost of nutrient present in it and its agronomic efficiency under a given situation. Fertilizer is a valuable input and measures should be taken to reduce its losses and to increase its uptake and utilization by the crop. Selecting a situation-specific fertilizer and choosing the time and method of application according to crop demand would minimize losses and increase its efficiency.

This paper reports Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC (Fabaceae) as a new larval host plant for Zizina otis Fabricius, 1787 (Lycaenidae) from Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.

Keywords: Alysicarpus monilifer; Lesser grass blue; Zizina Otis; Lycaenidae; new host plant

     This essay deals with the current relevance of the Medieval ethical condemnation of usury as the theft of time, and is seen as a model for the profits derived from intensive animal farming. Both usury and profit are time-dependent. Usury was condemned as stealing time, profit ought to be condemned as robbing life to living creatures. The ancient ethical stance condemning usury ought to be applied to inadequate modern legislations allowing profit to prosper on crimes.

     We start by considering how usury was seen in ancient times and note that all Religions and some great works of Art paid a great deal of attention to the subject. It is well known that all Religions forbade usury and many works of Art, mainly poems and plays, condemned it. This is derived mainly from the well-known view of Aristotle that money is a convention and thus cannot generate more money (the theory of the “sterility of money”). Turning to the law, usury occupies a central position in Canon Law which condemned usury as a crime. One of the most lucid canonists, William of Auxerre, sanctioned usury as the theft of time which belongs to all creatures and is thus contrary to the law of nature. It is precisely the association of usury with time that demonstrates the iniquity of usury, since time is not a commodity that can be bought and sold.

The article presents the results of a study on the design and operation process of a combined unit for pre-sowing strip milling of soil, laying of a drip irrigation hose and the possibility of sowing seeds. The proposed design of the machine is aggregated by row tractors of class 1,4 and 2, simultaneously performs operations of pre-sowing milling tillage with the formation of a ridge, laying a hose of a new design for drip irrigation, compacting the ridge and sowing seeds using various designs of seeders. The unit is designed to perform technological processes for both spring and post-harvest re-sowing, sweat functions it replaces the processes of harrowing and alignment soil. The unit can be used in two versions: preparation of a comb for sowing with the laying of a drip irrigation hose and simultaneously, sowing of seeds. The unit performs its function with traditional basic tillage and with innovative non-tillage. It can perform five operations with one pass, thereby being considered energy-resource-saving.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop popularly grown in more than 100 countries with 90% of the total global production from Asia. Major constraint in paddy cultivation is heavy weed infestation which causes 50-90 % yield reduction. Weeds causes adverse effects to crops in many ways and this arise due to the unusual adaptation characteristics of the weeds and their regeneration ability. To achieve timely and effective weed control, broad-spectrum herbicide based integrated weed management may offer a pathway for simultaneously reducing costs and markedly increasing productivity. A field experiment was conducted during the Navarai (Late Rabi) Season of 2023 to investigate the efficacy of new herbicide combinations for the management of weed flora in transplanted paddy at Field No. A18, ACAR Farm, Adhiyamaan College of Agriculture and Research, Krishnagiri district situated at North western zone of Tamil Nadu. The experiment was conducted with nine treatments where six treatments are combination of herbicides, two cultural operations and one untreated check. The field experiment was designed using randomized block designs with three replications. The experiment results revealed that the post emergence application of Bispyribac sodium 10% SC + (Metsulfuron-methyl+ Chlorimuron ethyl) 250+20 ml ha^-1 followed by Cono weeding twice on 15 and 30 DAT enhanced the growth and yield of transplanted paddy with decreased weed growth, reduction in nutrient depletion by weeds and enhanced nutrient uptake by the crop. The treatment positively influenced growth and physiological parameters like plant height, number of tillers, leaf area index and also recorded distinctly higher grain yield (6.5 tonnes ha^-1), net return (Indian Rupees 114923.2 ha^-1) and benefit cost ratio (3:10). Combination of herbicides along with cono weeding increased cropping system sustainability and reduced selection pressure for weed resistance to herbicides.

Keywords: Transplanted paddy; Bispyribac sodium; Cono weeding; Weed control efficiency; Yield

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable agriculture, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and plant protection emerges as a beacon of transformative innovation. This alliance not only augments crop management but also reinforces ecological equilibrium while optimizing resource utilization. By marrying advanced technology with eco-conscious practices, we are embarking on a journey to redefine plant protection, ushering in a new era of precision and sustainability.

Water is a common substance but necessary to living organs. Generally, the researcher focuses on the water molecule H₂O, resulting in solubility with something compound, and considers three phases: liquid, solid, vapour and macroscopical viewpoints are popular meteorology, flood, etc. As a result, most studies of H₂O are just a cluster. However, we notice the dissociation of hydrogen bonds. Here, we introduce the water leading to air change in a car for people’s health and how much energy the water has. Furthermore, we propose how to obtain better water for plants and animals, including humans, which means nature on the earth.

Keywords: dissociated water; air in the car; exhausted gases

In the past few decades, the term "sustainability" has gained significant traction when applied to the utilisation of energy resources. According to Marchi et al. (2018), "Sustainable Forest Operations (SFO)" seems a comprehensive strategy and approach that integrates forest activities with economically, environmentally, as well as social sustainable development goals in an effort to effectively address present and future challenges. The FAO provides a definition for a forest as a land area that is larger than 0.5 ha, has a tree canopy cover that exceeds 10%, and is primarily free from agricultural or other non-forest land use activities. The forest serves as the centre of terrestrial biodiversity on Earth. In addition to mitigating climate change and carbon emissions, forests are vital to sustainable food production and a source of income. As of 2020, the estimated forest area stands at 4.06 billion hectares, accounting for 31% of the overall land area. This equates to 0.52 hectares of forest area/capita, despite the fact that forests are not distributed geographically or globally among people (Forest area, 2021).

The widespread occurrence of tomato in many countries of the world and its specific weight in gross vegetable production may be explained by its peculiarities of its growth, development, fruit giving and high yield and use of its fruits in various ways (fresh, canning of whole fruits, products of differently concentrated tomato, dietary canned products and so on), as well as by its biologically high value, gustatory and high qualitative properties (sugar content, vitamins, microelements, mineral salts) [1]. According to Grincharov’s (1970) data tomato fruits contain 5-6% of dry substances, 50% of which is soluble sugar (mannose), 0.5% of organic acid, 0.84% of cellulose, 0.19% pectic substances, 0.95% wet protein, 0.2% fats and essential oils, and 0.6% mineral salts [2]. Fruit having such favourable chemical composition made tomato high valuable in general and a source of dietary food in certain cases. Selection works also impacted the leading role of tomato, thanks to which various sorts and hybrids have been created in the world providing opportunity to meet the demand of agricultural production in different countries at significant rates [3]. Tomato have medical value and very important to use especially in increasing pathogen action of radioactive factors in climate change and deterioration of immunity of human (organism) [4].

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of main materials on the heavy metals content of soil and water. While the heavy metals content of the soil in the study field was higher than the limit values, only the copper, manganese, nickel and chrome contents of the water samples were found higher than the limit values. Higher heavy metals content in the soil and water can be toxic to vegetable, fruit and other cultivated plants grown in the study field and can be passed on to humans via food chains if taken by the plants to be grown. Large amounts of heavy metals in the soil and water in the study field can be a major problem for the environment and human health.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivar JAUW-672 conducted at Research Farm of Agronomy during Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Sciences and Technology, Jammu consisted of twelve treatment combinations with two sowing dates, three fertility levels and two irrigation regimes replicated thrice under factorial randomized block design. The experimental results revealed that earlier sowing dates recorded highest pooled effective tillers/m² (298.56), number of grains/ear (39.19), test weight (37.47) grain yield (41.98q/ha) and B: C ratio (2.17). Whereas, among fertility levels application of 125% RDF on soil test basis recorded significantly highest pooled effective tillers/m² (305.81), number of grains/ear (40.14), test weight (38.30), grain yield (46.05) and B: C ratio (2.38) besides sustaining soil fertility. Whereas due to timely rainfall the irrigation treatments remained statistically at par. Thus to increase productivity and profitibality of wheat, the crop should be sown earlier with increased dosage of fertilisers but on soil test basis.

Keywords: Cultivar; Fertility levels; Irrigation regimes; Sowing dates; Terminal stress; Wheat

Agriculture affects and impacts climate change. Agriculture is crucial to economic prosperity but has serious environmental impact. Pollution, soil, water, and air contamination are major environmental consequences of agriculture. The ecology has suffered greatly from industrial agriculture, creating concerns about the food supply. Due to its environmental impact, agriculture will struggle to supply rising demand in the next decades. Global warming threatens to undermine many natural processes that support contemporary agriculture [6]. However, modern agriculture contributes to the sustainability dilemma [6]. Agriculture's complex links to the global economy, human communities, and biodiversity make it a crucial conservation frontier. Resource sustainability is becoming more important. Thus, knowing the relationship between direct and indirect environmental consequences and agriculture sector links is crucial. Identifying the underlying inter- and intra-sectoral sources of the agriculture sector's significant environmental consequences will help policymakers create fair and effective policies.

Policies to Emergence of the Family Agriculture in DRC: The development of the domestic agriculture in DRC rests one major issue for contribute to food security and fight against the poverty, which is essentially rural. Congolease families should be increasingly awareness of the importance of investing in domestic agriculture. It is indeed, one case of short, middle and long-term effect. In more of all sectors, agriculture is one of sectors where the family does not need much means for undertake. For guarantee the policy sustainable of the emergency of the domestic agriculture and the harmonious of socio-economic development, we suggest the human resources investment and financial in medium rural that should not be limited at some training of a few elites. It will be measured according to men and women’s capacity who are in family how to manage; to organize; to innovate; to assume responsibilities and finally to be adapted to the land concession system, at the scientific research progress, mechanization and the method in agricultural transformation. It needs the staff competence who should devote time for the frame of the farmer families and of the update in oeuvre of the accounting agricultural in the household. At this it is added the adaptation of the change of climate, the rehabilitation of the agricultural desert roads; the use of energy (to conditioning, conservation, transformation…) and of selected varieties; the valorization of shallows; the storage; the associative and cooperative movement; the specialization; the professionalization; the saving; the agricultural credit; the mobilization of capital by allocation of 10% of the national budget for agriculture and the enthusiasm of farmers to invest into domestic agriculture under the model of agricultural modern integrating breeding to crops.

Keywords: Policies; emergence; agricultural; family; modern

Over the last century, the earth temperature has been increasing at an unprecedented rate. The first decade of this 21st century in fact was the hottest in the recorded history. Since 1880, the world has witnessed a 1.4°C rise in temperature with 2/3rd of that is coming since 1975. Reports suggested that the average global surface temperature has risen by 0.45°C-0.6°C (0.8°F-1.0°F) and the average sea level has risen approximately 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) during the last century (IPCC, 2001). Global Climate Models’ (GCMs) projections for the future climate indicate that the mean annual global surface temperature has increased, since the late 19th century and it is anticipated to further increase by 1°C-3.5°C over the next 100 years (IPCC, 2007). The IPCC’s fifth assessment report recently documented that anthropogenic climate change, in addition to causing gradual shifts, is increasing the intensity, duration, and frequency of extreme temperatures and rainfall.

The labor shortage of soybean harvesting has greatly affected soybean seeds production and the use of machinery to replace labor can reduce the problem. The study of the effect of harvesting method using combine harvester on seed quality of Lopburi 84-1 soybean was conducted and compared the seed quality according to standard of seed with labor harvesting followed by using a thresher. Threshing speed of combine harvester was set at 395 rpm (12.83 m.s^-1) and 330 rpm (10.72 m.s^-1) while the speed of 400 rpm (11.73 m.s^-1) was set for the thresher using in manual harvest method. Results showed that manual labor could harvest more efficiently at a lower first pod stage than a combine harvester. The loss from the use of the thresher 2.39%, while the combine harvester was 14.64% (395 rpm) and 16.98% (330 rpm) respectively. Quality and yield obtained from the labor harvesting were higher than those from thresher with less seed moisture. The percentage of humidity after harvesting, germination percentage were not statistically difference. In terms of seed quality after harvest, it was found that there was difference in percentage of seed purity between thresher and combine harvester while germination after 6 months of storage was not statistically different and was within germination standard of not less than 65%.

Keywords: soybean seed quality; soybean combine harvester; soybean thresher

Trace metals in the environment due to the effects of gases natural environments, such as rainwater clogging, mangroves, insects, marine fishes, and water pollution needs to investigated .Investigations of the problem of toxicity in the Environment needs to be studied .The useful ingredients of trace elements present in naturally occurring plants, herbs, and spices also needs to be studied It will elucidate medicines extracted from herbs, such as Ayurveda medicines and other alternative medicines for bioremediation and pyto-remediation. This work will be a useful source of information for doctors, environmentalists, researchers in biosciences, pharmaceuticals, and pharmacists. The work will enlighten spaces travellers to relate to atmospheric trace metal levels, considering the ozone layer. Trace metals in the environment will help bring down the toxicity in the environment by introducing environmentally friendly products for easier waste disposal. Waste to wealth should be the motto, and it can provide exact pictures of trace metals levels in all environment-related materials present in the universe. The determination of the trace-elemental composition especially rare earths of biological materials especially environment is a difficult and challenging experimental problem. It is necessary to determine small concentrations of many elements.in the presence of major concentrations of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The sample is generally. Heterogeneous on a very small scale. Biological material is generally wet and not readily compatible with a vacuum system, or it may require extensive preparation prior to analysis. Because of these factors there is no universal system available for making elemental determinations in the life sciences. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for measurement of elemental concentrations in biological materials has been used for many years. XRF uses a source of high-energy X-rays to irradiate a target to produce vacancies in the inner shells of the atoms which comprise the material. When these vacancies are filled, characteristic X-rays are emitted which can be detected and used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elemental concentration. Applications of XRF are ultimately related to the type of X-ray source used in the work. The ideal X-ray source will produce the high X-ray flux at the sample which is necessary for the best application of the method. The introduction and use of the synchrotron.

Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn ex Benth, family Leguminnosae) is a promising fast-growing tree species for timber use. This species of tree has occupied a unique position due to furniture manufacturing and construction work. Growth and yield of the species in Bangladesh are scientifically unknown. Therefore, the necessity of growth and yield models for the species was felt for the scientific management of the forest. The present study was conducted to derive mathematical models for growth and yield of this species in Bangladesh based on site indices. The models were derived by establishing Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) and Temporary Sample Plots (TSPs) with an area of 0.02 ha and a circular or rectangular shape. Diameter at breast height and total height of all trees in the plots were measured by PSPs for seven consecutive years. The stepwise procedure and all probable combinations of the independent variables were used to select the most appropriate models, provided that the statistical and biological requirements were met. Models were selected to estimate the stocking ha^-1 of the canopy, the mean height of the canopy, the diameter of the canopy, the basal area of the canopy ha^-1, the yield of the canopy volume ha^-1 and the aboveground biomass of the canopy ha^-1 Estimate Akahmoni. The yield forecast models derived in the study could be used satisfactorily for Akashmoni with a stand age of 4 to 17 years and site indices of 9 to 21 meters based on a base age of 12 years. Extrapolation over this data range is not recommended. The selected models were verified against separate datasets using chi-square test, paired t-test, percent absolute deviation, and 45-degree line test. The biological principle of the model development was checked. The results suggest that the models were statistically and biologically acceptable. The developed models could safely be used for forecasting growth and yield of Akashmoni.

Keywords: Acacia auriculiformis; Growth and yield; prediction; plantation and Bangladesh

The concept of plant stress refers to the physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses that plants exhibit when they encounter unfavourable environmental conditions or external factors that disrupt their normal growth and development. Just like humans and animals, plants can experience stress, and their responses are aimed at minimizing the negative impact of the stressors and maintaining their survival.

In keeping with a rapidly urbanizing world, there is a need to transform agriculture and allied sectors such as fisheries and livestock production to ensure that livelihoods and resources are protected. In addition to urbanization, challenges such as climate changes, point towards an urgent need to understand how agrifood systems will change.

The construction site is seen as a key area where money is made or lost due to various activities. This calls for careful initiative and proper planning to improve their performances. The study investigated site management practices in Swaziland for effective project implementation. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, aimed at 120 project managers, construction managers, consultants, and contractors in the Swaziland construction industry. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 through Varimax rotation was used for the data analysis. Findings show that the Government of Swaziland and the Construction Industry Council should introduce new construction procedures to minimize the repetition of problems and challenges encountered on construction sites in Swaziland.

Keywords: Management practices; Client; Contractors; Construction sites; Sub-contractors; Swaziland

We are reporting pico-sized water which is formed by high pressure than 30 MPa. The original water is just H₂O. The pico-sized water consists of neither hydrogen nor ion. The water depicts the characteristics of reductive behavior avoiding oxidation, and proceed radiation reduction. We are discussing the mechanism of chemical reduction like sweetness of water melon and berry due to the size of the water. Furthermore, we develop deodorization under the activated LED lights in breeding room of mice. We can justify whether water becomes the activated one with the oxidation-reduction potential instrument. We report changing radioactive cesium to non-radioactive substance like barium by the water. The information of the pico-sized water transmits, then transcript to another substance in an air. We will make clear the essence in the infoton about information and transcription in the future.

Some of what I’m writing here is general knowledge for different people, and other stuff is new research of our research team. What this editorial short article hopes to bring is some interesting facts and examples of geology and its interaction with water and air. It is written for a general audience from high school kids to the academic circles. It is important for everyone to understand how extremely it is to protect Earth to save the long-term future of our species.

All humans are taught the water cycle, and learn from school that we get water from rain, dams, and eventually taps. Water, after breathable air, is the most important substance on Earth (capital E because it is the name of our planet). We see the rain and rivers that run all the way down to the ocean. Water is important to all of us, and we use it for activities such as skiing, swimming, diving, fishing, boat cruises, and more. But most importantly, water makes up organic matter and forms the most vital part of our diets. Water matters most, and most living species abide by the rules of nature and the necessity for air and water. The natural water cycle, that is without human impact, is shown in Figure 1.

The article presents an analysis of the process of preparing the soil for sowing, and an improved design and technological scheme, devices and the principle of operation of a cotton seeder, which provides loosening of the soil and crushing of soil clods in the seed sowing zone with simultaneous sowing of seeds. Materials are also given for determining the speed of the sprocket of the cultivator-grinder of soil clods.

Keywords: soil; plough, softening; cutting; chiselling; disking; harrowing; seed rake; soil softener-cutting grinder; star; plowing; loosening; clod; chiseling; disking; harrowing; cotton seeder; soil cultivator-clod chopper; sprocket; tooth; soil particle; agrotechnical requirements

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content is considered the key indicator of soil health and the essence of life on earth heavily depends on it. The capacity of a soil to support ecosystem functions along with sustain environmental quality and biological productivity while promoting plant and animal health has been defined as soil health. Therefore, the domain of soil health comprises of human, animal, ecosystem and health aspects. Though under soil organic content, fresh and undecomposed plant materials do not make their contribution however it is a major product of decomposed soil organic matter (SOM) and it got build up slowly after the decomposition of plants and animals as well as micro-organisms. Since long time, farmers and scientists remained well aware of the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in respect of soil health and the sustainable agriculture development therefore, soil organic carbon plays a key role in many soil functions. Soil organic carbon content not only stabilizes soil structure and improves aggregation that linked to reduce the soil erosion, improves water absorption capacity but also influenced on the less retention of pesticides and other inorganic pollutants by being virtue of their enhanced mobilization and degradation. Activities, such as increasing nutrients cycling and storage, buffers crop production against water shortages etc. followed to maintain soil fertility and the activities enhanced the soil porosity and aeration, water holding capacity and hydraulic conductivity of soil which on turn provides a habitat and food source for soil organisms that ultimately improve soil biodiversity and health. Hence, the SOC stock exhibits the long-term balance between additions of organic carbon (OC) from different sources and its losses through different pathways.

The development and economy of any country and global depends upon several factors as poverty, climate change, food security, corruption and political system and many more. The poverty is one of them, it was so prevalent in developing and under developing countries when the food production at present increasing at fast rate (1.1%) than the growing population (0.84%) of the world. Poverty is the condition in which the essential financial resources are lacking for a particular standard of living because it has social, economic and political reasons and their impacts. It is multifaceted and multidimensional like region, environment, age, time and situations and several others. Fundamentally, poverty is a refusal of selection and availabilities and ignoring of human dignity. It means insufficient of basic ability to involve actively in society. The above keeping under consideration about the poverty to discuss the steps of elimination, different aspects and dimensions of global poverty, that is important to aware the post graduate students, teacher and others the facts of global poverty.

Keywords: Economic; Elimination; Dimensions; Political; Poverty; Social

Microorganisms are best recognized by 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial identification and diagnosis may be possible with matrix-aided laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). MALDI-TOF MS identifies microorganisms utilizing intact cells or cell extracts. It's fast, sensitive, and cheap. Microbiologists have used MALDI-TOF MS for microbial identification and strain typing, epidemiological studies, biological warfare agent detection, water- and food-borne pathogen detection, antibiotic resistance detection, and blood and urinary tract pathogen detection (Neelja Singhal et al., 2015). Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is caused by the phloem-limited plant pathogenic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter species. HLB is difficult to identify early since freshly infected trees don't show symptoms. In order to establish a rapid detection method and assess the metabolite differences between healthy and HLB-affected Newhall navel oranges, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to study asymptomatic and symptomatic leaf extracts compared to healthy leaves. Using MALDI-TOF-MS and multivariable analysis, healthy, asymptomatic, and symptomatic leaves were distinguished. The training set's discrimination accuracy and cross-validation analysis success rate were 100% according to discriminant analysis (DA). 2020 (Yongquan Liu et al.). For agricultural and therapeutic applications, fungi are rich in biologically active natural compounds. Bioactive fungal natural compounds must be discovered and accurately identified for optimal use. fungal biocontrol In vitro, Purpureocillium lilacinum inhibited Botrytis cinerea, an airborne plant pathogenic fungus that causes gray mold disease in many vegetables and fruits. The co-culture of two fungi on agar plate demonstrated that P. lilacinum suppressed B. cinerea's growth, indicating that it may create bioactive secondary metabolites against B. cinerea. The discovery of a novel antifungal lipopeptaibol (leucinostatin Z) from P. lilacinum against B. cinerea was made using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS). Leucinostatin Z's planar structure was confirmed by LC-HRESI-MS-MS analysis. MALDI-TOF-IMS is a revolutionary method for discovering new bioactive chemicals in fungi by directly observing bioactive natural products on growth media between two fungi colonies. 2020 (LiuR et al.).

Both the propagation of plants (Wang et al., 2019) and the transmission of viruses (Paudel and Sanfacon, 2018) are dependent on the presence of light in their environments. When it comes to plants, light is the primary environmental factor that contributes to photosynthesis (Liu et al., 2019) and photomorphogenesis (Montgomery, 2016). According to Paik and Huq (2019), the term "photomorphogenesis" describes a sequence of morphological changes that occur in the development of plants when dark-grown seedlings are exposed to light. A well-known component of light-mediated plant development, the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1) functions as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. COP1 is also known as Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1. In this study, we demonstrate that the protein COP1 positively modulates the defence mechanism against the turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and avrRPM1 bacteria by contributing to the stability of the resistance (R) protein HRT and RPM1, respectively. In the context of a cop1 mutant background, both HRT and RPM1 levels, and hence pathogen resistance, are drastically decreased. It is noteworthy that the levels of at least two double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins, DRB1 and DRB4, are reduced in the backdrop of the cop1 mutant, which suggests that COP1 decreases HRT stability via its effect on the DRB proteins. In point of fact, the degradation of HRT was brought about by a mutation in either drb1 or drb4. In contrast to COP1, a multi subunit E3 ligase that was encoded by anaphase-promoting complex (APC) 10 had no effect on DRB1 levels but did negatively affect DRB4 and TCV resistance. Our hypothesis is that the positive control of HRT that is mediated by COP1 is dependent on equilibrium between COP1 and the negative regulators that target DRB1 and DRB4.

Distinct breed populations can be determined by phenotypic characterization, which additionally evaluates their outward appearance and production traits in a particular environment. In order to promote their agricultural economies, the vast majority of developing and impoverished countries depend substantially on indigenous and local varieties of chicken. This study was conducted in San Andres, Romblon, and was primarily focused on level phenotypic characterization. A survey was used within this study's quantitative methodology to get the data. Within the community, both male and female native chickens exhibited an extensive spectrum of phenotypic traits. The study indicates that, despite the exception of body plumage, keepers choose identical morphological traits. Black, yellow, and brown are the characteristics identified as the present colors in determining female chickens. It describes that chicken characteristics are the main factor dictating keepers’ selection practices. Similarly, with Kampung chickens, and other local chickens in Indonesia, the plumage of chickens have no unique color or patterns; however, this study indicates decreasing variation in the plumage color of chickens.

Keywords: Genetic material; native chicken; population distribution; phenotypic characteristics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including agriculture, and organic farming is no exception. The main goal of organic farming is to raise livestock and cultivate crops without the use of synthetic chemicals or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a big potential to improve organic farming's productivity, sustainability, and efficiency.

Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase carbon and nitrogen content of the soil. The increase of these elements promises agroforestry to be a useful practice for mitigating climate change, through an increased sequestration of carbon, and improving the food security of the area it is implemented. This is particularly important for Nigeria as it is a country identified as vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a lack of data to support the theory that agroforestry systems increase carbon and nitrogen content over time. In this study it was explored how tree planting in Nigerian oil palm agroforestry systems can influence the carbon and nitrogen content of the soil as the age of the agroforestry increases. At oil palm plantations aged 4, 27, 58 and 60 a total of 40 samples were taken from 2 depths (0-15cm and 15-30cm) and were shipped to Newcastle University for elemental analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the carbon and nitrogen content of the soil and the age of the plantation for both depths (ANOVA, p<0.001). However, it was found that the youngest plantation had the greatest percentage of carbon and nitrogen measured in the soil with an average carbon content of 2.66% and an average nitrogen content of 0.212%. The results found were unexpected as the carbon and nitrogen content decreased as the age of the plantation increased, which could be due to the different crops grown and land management of the individual plantations. Overall, future research should focus on studying a greater number of agroforestry systems with a greater variety of ages to determine where the carbon and nitrogen content peaks. Additionally, the same study should be carried out in a set number of years to compare the results overtime, thus eliminating the factors of crop grown and land management practices.

Keywords: Agroforestry; plantation; climate change; food security

     Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, has become a significant global health concern. The prevalence of diabetes has been on the rise in recent decades, reaching epidemic proportions. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), approximately 463 million adults were living with diabetes in 2019, and this number is projected to increase to 700 million by 2045 [1].

     Amidst this alarming trend, it has become increasingly clear that dietary and lifestyle factors play a crucial role in the development and management of diabetes. Extensive research has highlighted the strong link between these choices and the risk of diabetes occurrence.

     The purpose of this article is to delve into the impact of dietary and lifestyle choices on the occurrence of diabetes. By examining scientific studies and evidence-based research, we aim to shed light on the specific choices individuals can make to reduce their risk of developing diabetes.

     Throughout this article, we will explore various aspects such as the role of diet, the influence of specific foods and nutrients, the importance of physical activity, and the significance of maintaining a healthy body weight. By understanding the relationship between dietary and lifestyle factors and diabetes, individuals can make informed choices to prevent or manage this chronic condition.

     Nigeria is a developing country that has its development of the nation rests on availability of food commodities throughout the year, there is therefore the need for food preservation as all food is liable. In time, to deterioration and decay the rate at which this happens depends upon the type of food and conditions under which it is kept. The aim in preserving is to preserve food stuffs at their most nutritious state so that they may be used when food is not available in the farm or market. This paper, therefore is concerned with how to do this effectively.

     Experiment was conducted during agricultural season 2022-2023 to study the effect of spraying Combined-Stimulants (contain Kinetin 0.05%, GA3 0.001% and IBA 0.001%) at a concentration 0, 1 and 2 ml.L^-1 and amino acid Phenylalanine at a concentration 25 and 50 gm.L^-1 and their combinations on some parameters of growth, yield and antioxidant compounds and activities of celery leaves at 2^st cuts, treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates, and means were compared according with least significant difference test (L.S.D) at probability level 0.05.

     The results showed a significant superiority of spraying 2 ml.L^-1 combined-Stimulants + 100 mg.L^-1 Phenylalanine at 1cut on leaves No., branch No., leaves content of chlorophyll pigments, dry matter, leaves oil, and fresh yield of leaves per unit area. While, treat of spraying 2 ml.L^-1 combined-Stimulants + 50 mg.L^-1 Phenylalanine on 2cut was suggested significantly superior on leaves content of ascorbic acid, total tannins, total flavonoids, total phenols, free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity reached 13.8 mg.100g FW, 1.85 mg.TAN/g DW, 4.22 mg.RUT/g DW, 22.8 mg.GAE/g DW, 80.2 mg.ASC/g DW and 50.2% respectively.

Keywords: celery; Combined-Stimulants; Phenylalanine; Oxidative Activity

     Since old times, all cultures worldwide applied traditional medicinal plants as an alternative medicine for folk medicine and natural products. African content was among other contents in using herbal medicinal plants; in developing countries are available sources for drugs to cure many diseases. Medicinal plants content such as organic acids, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides play the greatest role in the manufactories of drugs, these contents have no side effects since rare medicinal plants give side effects. So traditional medicinal plants play the greatest role in the economics of many countries, which spotlighted medicinal plants to improve their production and chemical contents. Some of the medicinal plants of properties healing identified and noted from generation to generation along time to another t, and their benefits of ingredients for curing many diseases.

     Mammalian pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), an amino indole produced through the metabolism of imeserotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), has a highly potent scavenger against the highly toxic hydroxyl radical. There are three substances noradrenaline, histamine, and serotonin, which very important in animal physiology, particularly in brain metabolism, and occur in plants. The three important substances found in some edible and medicinal plants in Egypt. Some Egyptian medicinal plants showed an effective role against toxins. Convolvulus fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Mentha specious, Conyza dioscaridis, and Plantago major will discuss to clarify their effects on toxins disease.

Keywords: Egyptian; Medicinal plants; Disease; Toxins

     A farming method known as Conservation Agriculture (CA) can restore degraded soils while preventing the loss of arable land. It encourages the preservation of a stable soil cover, little soil disturbance, and plant species diversity. It improves biodiversity and ground-level natural biological processes that help boost the efficiency with which water and nutrients are used and support improved and sustained crop output.

     Mycorrhizal symbiosis, the mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi, plays a crucial role in sustaining the productivity and health of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi are of great importance for agriculture as they help increase crop yields and reduce fertilizer use. In addition, they contribute to the improvement of soil structure, water retention, and erosion control, resulting in more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis also extend to forest ecosystems, where they have been shown to enhance the growth and survival of trees, promote biodiversity, and improve soil quality. Despite their ecological and agricultural importance of mycorrhizal fungi and their associated functions, the biorhizospiric interactions that mediate and facilitate the formation of this association are still not well understood. The purpose of this editorial is to shed light on the major biotic interactions involved in the success of mycorrhiza and that need to be more studied, that hides yet a secrets.

     The complexities of mother earth become deeper when it comes to the mysteries of the past. The nature on one hand gives us challenges of revealing the past and on the other hand provides us with the wisdom of cracking the puzzle through different tools. Geology is one such effective tool that is capable of establishing the Palaeotectonic and Palaeoslope of a region. The geological investigation conducted in the area around Aizawl, Mizoram of (Latitude 23° 43' N- 23° 73’N and longitudes 92° 43' E- 92° 71' E), is a classic example of generating valuable information and evidences on the Palaeotectonic and Palaeoslope of Tripura-Mizoram Mio-Geosynclinal basin, through the application of structures, lithology, petrology, and geochemistry.

     The state of Mizoram is located in the south-eastern corner of the northeastern India, and it has an area of 21,087 sq. km. The state is bordered to the east by Myanmar and to the south by Bangladesh. It lies between latitudes 21°56´N. and 24°31´N latitudes and longitudes 92°16´E and 93°26´E (Fig.1). Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram, is located in the northern part of the state. It lies approximately in between 92°60’ E longitude and 23°58’ N Latitude. The city elevation varies from 800 m to 1188 m above mean sea level. (MSL). Aizawl is connected by road to Silchar, Shillong, Churachandpur and Agartala. Beside road link, Aizawl is linked by air service from Lengpui Airport to Kolkata, Guwahati and Imphal.

Highly significant variations of locations (L), treatments (T) and TxL interactions were observed by AMMI analysis of nine treatments consisted of nano urea formulations evaluated under multi location trails of wheat under restricted irrigation conditions. Plant height found nearly 90. 7% of TxL interactions was due to first two components while total of 97. 9% by all significant components. Total contributions for biomass of the significant components were 98. 2% while of two components accounted for 79. 4%. Approximately 85. 2% for ear heads per m2 was contributed by first two while significant components augmented to total of 96. 6%. More average values for plant height observed for T5, T8 treatments while consistent more plant height would be of T5, T8 based on superiority index measure. AMMI analysis based measures identified T4, T3 by MASV, MASV1, ASV and ASV1 values for biomass. Analytic adaptability measure PRVG and PRVG*GM, HMPRVG and HMPRVG*GM for ear heads per m2 had pointed for T5, T7 treatments. Higher average of treatments effects as per BLUP estimates favoured T5, T8 treatments also supported by GAIu and Hmu values. Consistent more biomass would be achieved by T5 and T6 treatments as per superiority index measures while considering the BLUP of treatments. The adaptability measures as per BLUP effects of treatments found suitability of T5 and T7 for ear heads per m2. Biplot analysis for plant height found tight relation of IPC1 with superiority and adaptability measures. Biomass observed right angle of IPC5 with superiority index measures. Centers Vijapur, Shillongani maintained ninety degree angle with IPC2 value. Clustering pattern for ear heads per m2 exhibited MASV, MASV1 with IPC4 values and W1, W2, W3, WAASB ASV, ASV1 constituted the respective clusters.

Keywords: AMMI; BLUP; Biplot; Superiority index; WAASB

Avoiding environmental pollution is the major goal of dye extraction from plant (natural) sources. Many studies are being conducted worldwide on the applications of natural dyes in following textile industry so which produces a outcome of the current concerned about the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable products. Synthetic dyes have effluent issues not just when they are used in the textile industry, but also when they are made, and potentially even when their intermediates and other basic components are synthesized. After synthetic dyes were discovered in the particular 1856, the usage of natural dyes for textile dyeing prominently dropped. The dyes have become a significant replacement for synthetic colures in recent years. The created dyes were examined by dying cotton cloth. In this study we have to took three different raw material through which extract dye from them and demonstrate the scale of colour they umbrid on material that has been used example taken has onion peel, marigold pomegranate we used different extraction process.

Keywords: Dyes; Textiles; Mordants; Biodegradable; Fabrics

Introduction. The article evaluates the special role of Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the development of the economy both in Europe and Georgia. On the other hand, the need to introduce and develop framework conditions for sustainable development to achieve long-term economic well-being is emphasized. Georgia's full-fledged integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic space requires rapid economic development of the country, using economic policy tools to create additional incentives for production development. SMEs can contribute the most to the rapid recovery and development of the economy, especially to poverty alleviation. Their role is also important in growth in the diversification of exports, the introduction of innovations, creating the modern Entrepreneurial culture, and more.

Aim and tasks. The main purpose of the article is to highlight the main challenges and opportunities for promoting sustainable development in SMEs in Georgia. To achieve this goal foreign experience in different countries in terms of stimulating sustainable development has been studied. The sustainable development of SMEs in Georgia and EU countries is compared.

Research results. The paper defines the conditions for sustainable development in SMEs. The article also establishes the impact of Covid 19 on the implementation of the sustainable development goals of enterprises. In the paper, the main challenges of sustainable development and opportunities for stimulation are investigated with the following methodology: bibliographic research is conducted; Analysis, comparison, induction, and other methods are used; Quantitative and qualitative research has been conducted. The focus of the research is the sector of agriculture and the firms operating in this field.

Conclusions. Conclusions are made on SMEs' main barriers to sustainable development and digital transformation (DX). Recommendations are offered on overcoming challenges and implementing opportunities for stimulation.

Keywords: Small and medium-sized enterprises; Sustainable development; Barriers to sustainable development; Promoting sustainable development; Economic policy

Global climate change is means an overall increase in temperature of universe. The eleven of the last twelve years (1995-2006) rank is warmest years in the instrumental records of global surface temperature (since 1850). The 100 year linear warming trend (1906-2006) of 0.7 °C is larger than the corresponding trend of 0.6 °C (1901 -2000). The linear warming trend over last 50 years from 1906 to 2005 (0.13 °C per decades) Observational evidence from all continents and most ocean shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional changes, particularly temperature increases. Climate change means variations in the climate in term of temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind velocity and other climatic parameters resulting changes in soil biodiversity, ground water level, soil degradation, erratic and uneven rainfall, frequent droughts and floods.

One of the drying machines that is commonly used by in industry is a rack-type dryer. However, the rack-type drying machine has generally fairly low efficiency. A rack-type dryer has been designed which was equipped with a hybrid mechanism, but is its performance not yet known when it is controlled by an expert control system. The purpose of this research was to produce an expert control system that can be applied to a rack-type dryer with a hybrid system mechanism which can improve the performance of the dryer. The research includes the development of expert rules applied to the control system and a series of tests was carried out using 10 kg of fresh sago starch. The test results show that the drying air temperature did not show any overshoot and short settling time, drying temperature is relatively stable and there was no steady state error. The drying rate of fresh sago starch can be increased by using the hybrid system. The use of electric power with the hybrid system was lower (5.78 kWh) compared to that of non-hybrid (6.88 kWh) or a reduction of about 16% compared to the non- hybrid system. Thermal efficiency of the rack-type dryer with the expert control system was about 36%.

Olive is one of the strategic products that it is very important to maintain its position in the areas that benefit from it. The olive fly is the most important pest of this tree, and a comprehensive investigation of the negative effects and consequences of this problem can greatly help to preserve this strategic product. The findings of the research showed that climate changes are effective on the abundance of the olive fly and the highest abundance occurs with temperature changes in the summer season. Considering its many effects on the social and economic life of farmers and the problems of farmers in fighting this plant pest, emphasizing the effective preservation of the environment from pesticides and olive fly repellants, training and promotion courses by expert experts are suggested. Agricultural institutes should be held for farmers.

Keywords: Climate Change; Olive Fly; Seasonal Changes; Social Effects

This study examines the development of the purse seine fishing business at Bastiong Fisheries Port in Ternate City regarding technical and cost-benefit aspects. Estimation of the level of business financial feasibility is analyzed using the Net Present Value (NPV) method, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method, and the Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio). The six fleets are KM. Lentera (1), KM. Nurwahidah (2), KM. Pratama Putra (3), KM. Ratu Rosari (4), KM. Salam Mesra (5), and KM. Qausar (6). The NPV, IRR, and B/C Ratio of each fleet are NPV 2,297,326,836 per year, a B/C Ratio 6 .6 per year, and an IRR of 52% per year for (1); the NPV value of 998,260,353 per year, B/C Ratio 3.5 per year, and an IRR of 49% per year for (2), the NPV value of 660,687,454 per year, B/C Ratio 2.6 per year, and IRR 50% per year for (3), the NPV value of 996,129,191 per year, B/C Ratio 3.5 per year, and IRR 35% per year for (4), the NPV value of 2,892,195,498 per year, a B/C ratio of 10.6 per year, and an IRR of 50% per year for (5). Number (6) has an NPV value of 809,122,892 per year, a B/C ratio of 3.5 per year, and an IRR of 56% per year, respectively.

Keywords: purse seine; fishing business; NPV; IRR; B/C Ratio

This study looked at monthly rainfall variations in Benue State to see what trends and patterns there were during the rainy season in Makurdi, Otukpo, Gboko, Zaki-Biam, Igumale, Vandeikya, Katsina-Ala, and Bopo stations. The month of December had the least amount of rainfall, followed by January and February at all of the stations. Except at Makurdi station, where the highest rainfall amount was obtained in August, September was the month with the highest rainfall quantity. The maximum monthly rainfall was reported at Vandeikya and Igumale stations in the south, while the lowest monthly rainfall was recorded at Makurdi and Bopo stations in the north. From 1984 to 2017, total rainfall at all stations ranged from 672.11mm in 1999 at Bopo station to 3454.66mm in 2000 at Vandeikya station. The significance level of 0.05 in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to evaluate the variation in yearly rainfall amount across all stations indicated that F7,264=13.51, indicating that there is a substantial variation in rainfall amount across all stations in Benue State. Using the Mann-Kendal and Sen Slope, the rainfall trend and pattern in Benue State from 1984 to 2017 shows both increase and downward trends in yearly rainfall across all stations. From 1985 to 1989, yearly rainfall trends were on the rise. Makurdi Station's rainfall ranges from 1290mm to 1584mm (294mm); Otukpo Station's rainfall ranges from 1233mm to 1479mm (246mm); Gboko Station's rainfall ranges from 1413mm to 1675mm (262mm); Zakibiam Station's rainfall ranges from 1411mm to 1717mm (306mm); Igumale Station's rainfall ranges from 1307mm to 1665mm (358mm); Vandeikya Station's rainfall ranges from 1815mm to 2135mm (320mm); and Bopo Station's rainfall ranges from 1506mm to 1629mm (123mm). Only Katsina-Ala station recorded a negative trend from 1833mm to 1624mm (-320mm). The rainfall variation in Benue state is mostly on an upward trend, which can be utilised for aggressive forestation and reforestation in areas where deforestation is a concern, particularly in the state's southern and north-eastern regions. In the guinea savannah zone of the country, where Benue state is located, there is a need for continual cultivation of roots, tubers, and cereals, which are the most suited crops.

Keywords: Monthly Rainfall; Trends; Variation; Mann Kendal Test

The modern state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of information technology is gradually covering the sectors of the economy. Digitalization has become a trend, first, in the economic sphere and sectors of the economy. Since 2017, the state program "Digital Economy" has been implemented in Russia. One of the promising areas of application of information and digital technologies in Russian agriculture and the implementation of the state program is the “Internet of Things”.

Keywords: Government policy; information technology; digital technologies; digitalization of the economy; agriculture; “Internet of Things”

Food-borne mycotoxicosis is caused by the presence of molds in processed meat products and the intake of food contaminated with molds (microscopic filamentous fungus) and their toxic metabolites. Mold spores are widely distributed in the environment and can be found almost anywhere.

     Penicillium spp., Aerobasidium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Eurotium spp. are commonly found in chilled meats including bacon with an intermediate moisture content. Foods with low water activity include dried beef, biltong, especially fermented meats such as dry-cured gammon, salami, and fermented sausage, D. hansenii and Penicillium species have been investigated. Commercial cultures of filamentous fungus, such as non-toxigenic Penicillium species includes P. nalgiovense and P. chrysogenum, are used in the processed meat.

For the dissemination of various technologies KVKs are conducting Cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) to demonstrate the production potential of newly released technologies on the farmer’s fields at different locations in a given farming system. In the similar way KVK Budgam also conducted the CFLD Programme on oil seeds in different villages of Budgam Dist. (Haripora Haran, Soibugh, Hajibagh and Warpora) in various clusters during the successive years of 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 on a silty clay loam soil, high in organic Carbon, medium in available phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium for the performance evaluation of Brown Sarson (Brassica rapa L. var. Oleifera). During the CFLD programme the average seed yield of SS-2 during the four years was 12.45q/ha in demonstrated fields as compared to average seed yield of 6.90q/ha from the local check. The average technology gap over the four years was found to be 4.54q/ha and extension gap 5.53q/ha. The average technology index was 26.71 per cent. Higher gross returns (Rs 74745 ha^-1), net returns (Rs 52885 ha^-1) with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.41were found in demonstrated fields as compared to 2.60 in case of local check. The higher yield is attributed to the introduction of newly released SKUAST K high yielding variety of brown sarson (SS-2).

Keywords: Brown Sarson-2, SS-2, Yield, CFLD, B: C ratio, Technology index

Wave energy technologies have been around for decades. But for a variety of reasons, including rising oil prices, technological advancements and the sheer grit of a handful of pioneer developers, it has made a huge splash since 2005. This paper presented the result of power absorbed by a single wave-energy absorber.

The article presents the results of studying the process of storage of grapes in a fruit storage, identifies the main factors affecting the quality of storage of the product. The mechanism of the effect of ionized air on the stored product is considered and fruit storage modes are determined. The results of studies show the possibilities of determining the operating modes of ionization of fruit storage air. For Toifi Pink variety of grapes, the storage temperature is (0-1)°С, and the relative humidity is 90%, the volume concentration of air ions is n=0.5-1.0·10¹³ ion·m³, and the duration of ionization is 2 and 4 hours once or twice a week. After storage, the marketable product amounted to 90.6-92.5% and waste - to 7.5-9.4%.

Keywords: Storage of grapes; modes of electro technological processing during long-term storage of grapes; the main factors; the volume concentration of ions and the duration of processing of the product

The high economic and environmental costs of weed management have led to interest in studying the genetics of non-parasitic weed stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). The objectives of this study were to determine genotypic effects of weed infestation on maize, identify plant traits conditioning weed-stress tolerance, and identify maize varieties that are weed-stress tolerant for further improvement. One hundred open-pollinated maize varieties were planted in five environments in the early and late seasons of 2018 using a 10 x 10 lattice design with three replications. Data were collected on emergence, vegetative, and flowering traits as well as grain yield and its components. Analysis of variance showed that under uncontrolled weed stress, there were significant (p≤0.01) varietal (G), environmental (E), and G × E effects for emergence, vegetative vigor, flowering, grain yield, and yield component traits. There was significant positive correlation between clean weeding and zero weeding for number of leaves, tasseling-silking interval, number of ears/plot, and grain yield. Broad sense heritability estimates were 73.8% for emergence percentage, 67.75% for emergence index, and 59.48% for days to tasseling. Rank summation index (RSI) identified ten varieties as promising for weed-stress tolerance, including TZEE-W POP STR 108 BC2, (2 X TZE COMP. 3 DT/WHITE DT STR SYN) C2, TZEE-W POP STR C5, ACR.06 TZL COMP. 3 C4, EVDT-W 99 STR and five others. It was concluded that genotypic variation for non-parasitic weed stress tolerance exists in the available maize germplasm in Nigeria, is highly heritable, and promising varieties have been identified for further improvement.

Keywords: maize; weed stress; non-parasitic weed; tolerance

Many kinds of water research relate to the results in macroscopic conditions; they report H₂O molecules and hydronium ions in a solvent. Such conditions are also crucial for solubility due to the dielectrics of water. However, there are a few to discuss the hydrogen bonds, which are the critical parameter of water. Moreover, the conditions after the bond dissociation are attractive in water physics. We know the outer electron (s) of H₂O or H₂ in many discussions. At present, we put stress on the hydrogen atom after hydrogen bond dissociation. Although we can see the assumed particle, the particle shows interesting evidence, not only the outer electron but also the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, namely the proton. So, we must research water in physical chemistry here.

Keyword: dissociation of hydrogen bond; chemical reduction; electron and proton; oscillation; far IR and terahertz

Food allergies are a growing concern in the modern world, affecting millions of people globally. A food allergy is a medical condition in which the body has an adverse reaction to certain foods. These reactions can range from mild symptoms, such as skin rashes or hives, to life-threatening anaphylaxis, which can cause difficulty breathing and rapid heartbeat.

     The cause of food allergies is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Some common food allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish.

Groundwater recharge zones in Devi watershed, Odisha, India, have been mapped for the first time as part of a study. The research was performed by delineating possible recharge zones in the Devi watershed utilizing geospatial techniques and a Geographical Information System. The factors used to estimate the Groundwater Recharge Potential Zone comprise lithology, geomorphology, drainage patterns, precipitation, soils, and land use-land cover (LULC). SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to obtain the slope. The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method is based on subjective approach in which weightages are assigned by pair wise comparison between various criteria obtained through policies by decision makers Saaty (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method calculates the required weights associated with the respective criterion map layers with the help of a preference matrix, in which all relevant criteria identified are compared against each other on the basis of preference factors then the weights are aggregated. GIS-based AHP has gained popularity because of its capacity to integrate a large quantity of heterogeneous data. This GWRZ statistics will be valuable in identifying optimal areas for water extraction in the research region. According to the groundwater prospective map, the SW parts of the territory have very poor, as does the SE part to some extent, while the majority of the land has good groundwater recharge possibilities. Moderate groundwater recharge are limited primarily to the North West terrain and population regions similarly some areas in E and SE parts showing very good possibilities of artificial recharge zone in the watershed.

Keywords: Devi River; Watershed; Groundwater recharge zone; RS; GIS; AHP Technique; MCDASS; Odisha

This paper describes the application remote sensing satellite for vegetation in the management of the Cirata Reservoir. This reservoir is a provider of raw water for the Cirata hydropower plant, which is the largest hydropower plant in Indonesia. In the next 2 years, the largest floating solar power plant in Indonesia and Southeast Asia will also be built here. The results of monitoring using Earth Observing System, the area of water hyacinth in the Cirata Reservoir is in the range of 100 to 400 hectares. Cleaning of water hyacinth per month is in the range of 25 to 75 hectares per month. This has not been able to compensate for the water hyacinth area cover that can develop, especially during the rainy season which has an impact on increasing the Water Level. Therefore, this paper also presents several management strategies that have been carried out. In Indonesia in particular, there are many reservoirs that have the potential for algae blooming disturbances and the potential for floating solar power plants in the future. The experiment conducted in Cirata can be an alternative in best practice management.

Biological fertilizers are of great importance in further improving agricultural production. Therefore, the effect of fungal fertilizers with isolates of T. harzianum and G. mosseae and levels of phosphate rock on NPK availability in the rhizosphere of the barley crop was studied. A field trial was conducted on clay loamy soil to produce a variety of barley crops named (Samir 1) during the autumn agricultural season in 2021 in the Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The factorial experiment was designed according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The factors of the experiment included two levels of T. harzianum inoculum (T0, control and T1, fungal inoculation), two levels of G. mosseae inoculum (G0, control and G1 fungal inoculation), and four levels of phosphate rock (P0, P1, P2, and P3) with an amount (0,1000,1500, and 2000) t/ha^-1. The results present that the interaction treatment (G. mosseae + T. harzianum and phosphate rock of 1000 t/ha^-1) resulted in a significant increase in the availability of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) in the soil 41.32, 16.54, and 225.43 mg/kg/soil^-1, respectively, compared to the control.

Keywords: T. harzianum; G. mosseae; Phosphate rocks; Barley plant; NPK

The article outlines a number of problems associated with teaching foreign languages in the specialty in technical higher educational institutions of Turkmenistan, and development of professionally oriented textbooks and teaching aids. A set of exercises and special level tasks for texts is proposed. Models of improving the quality of teaching foreign languages in technical higher educational institutions of Turkmenistan at the stage of transition to the Bologna process and educational activities held by the Department of Languages of the State Energy Institute of Turkmenistan are described. It is substantiated that the proposed models of educational activities for teachers will contribute to improving the language and professional competence of the students; retraining the teachers of foreign languages in a short time according to the educational program of a technical higher educational institution; introducing innovative pedagogical technologies in the educational process; creating high-quality textbooks in English, Russian, Chinese, German and Persian languages in the specialty for power engineers; using testing technology to control students’ knowledge; creating language software and banks of test tasks in professional foreign languages.

Keywords: professionally oriented teaching, professional training, language competence, distance learning technologies, innovative teaching methods, language in the specialty, foreign language communication

Oil is essentials for cooking and meal in daily life. Dairy farming seems difficult in the world wide because of climate change, decreasing of pasture, animals, feed, and workers. Furthermore, human develop residential lands using natural agricultural land, field, and forest. Peoples make oils from crops, and result in increasement the wasted materials after processing. We can upcycle not recycle it.

The method is very easy to use water technology which is always needed and helpful in daily life. The water possesses deoxidizing energy and reduce the substance meaning upcycle. We found the technology to change the new oil form the used oil, and make it new oil employing at restaurant for several years.

Keyword: reuse; deoxidation; cooking oil; pico-sized water; functional group

Every 5 December, we are celebrating as a soil day throughout the world to create awareness about the issues of soils since 2015 (declared as decade of soils-2015-2025 by UN). Soil quality (SQ) is the capacity of a specific kind of a soil to function, within natural and managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation[4].In the mid sixteen due to introduction of dwarf verities, which need high input in term of fertilizers, water, pesticides increased agricultural production but discriminate and imbalance use of fertilizer deteriorate inheherent capacity of soil to supply plant nutrient. Soil health (SH) refers to the fitness of soil for any specific purpose determined by the factors chosen for soil classification, soil suitability and land capability. It examines spatial and temporal variations induced by land use policy or management. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most reliable, versatile and easily assessable indicator, encompassing interactive effect of several factors. Plateuing or decreasing trends of crop yields at current level of management indicates declining SH. Erosion, drought and desertification, irrigation induced salinity and sodicity, paradigm shift in land use, nutrient depletion and intensive cultivation are the cause of SH deterioration. Erratic rainfall and exploitation of land, water and vegetation resources by ever increasing human and livestock population further accentuate the problem of SH. Increasing salinity, residual carbonate, alkalinity and contamination of surface and ground water through heavy metals, nitrates, fluoride and arsenic are the reflection of deteriorating SH.

Haematological, Histopathological, and Internal organs response of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fingerlings, were used as selection criteria for three auto-detoxified mixtures of Jatropha kernel cake with bovine blood (ADMJKC/bb) coded, Y3, Z2, and Z4. Each of the three test ingredients was evaluated at a 30 % and a 50% replacement level with fishmeal. Thus with a control, the ingredients were compared in seven iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets (control, Y330, Y350, Z230, Z250, Z430, and Z450). The control significantly (P<0.05) had higher haemoglobin level, packed cell volume (PCV) and lower white blood cell count (WBC) than the ADMJKC/bb test ingredients. Similarly, increasing the ADMJKC/bb from 30% to 50% of reduced the PCV and increased WBC. However, the PCV and WBC in Z430 were significantly (P<0.05) different from their Z230 and Y330.counterparts. Histopathology and internal organ response followed similar trends as haematology. This lead to the conclusion that, the Y3 and Z2 ADMJKC/bb ingredients were better detoxified than the Z4 ingredient. However, Y3 and Z2 should not replace more than 30% of fishmeal diets for C. gariepinus fingerings. Therefore, there is a need to continue development of the Y3 and Z2 ingredients for C. gariepinus and other farm animals.

The real tangible wealth of any country is the natural resources which are extractable on a sustained basis. It is from this natural wealth that further capital (produced capital) is produced with the intervention of human capital. Since the extractable natural resources are limited, ultimately there is a limit to the wealth of a country. An increase in the wealth or growth in economy is not sufficient at all. The important thing is that what has been the distributary effect of the economic activities. With limited wealth, a country cannot have many excessively rich people without creating poverty. The wealth of a country is an asset which has to be utilized in a purposeful manner. If left to market forces, the limited wealth becomes distributed in a much skewed manner. If human capital is invested in evidently unnecessary pursuits, it will only result in the neglect of the essential needs of the society.

In a climatic context, such as that one in our study area, water is a major environmental issue. The combination of several significant causes already explains the scarcity of water in the town of Guercif: lack of rainfall, climate change, and overexploitation of groundwater. In addition to this structural data, it should be remembered that the sustained dynamics of the area from the point of view of urban planning, demographics, as well as industrial and agricultural development accentuate the demand for a matter as vital as water. The need for water in Guercif will follow the trend of population growth and water-consuming activities. In this context, the deficit recorded during 2019 for the water supply, threatened the urban development of a city newly promoted to the status of the chief town of the province. This study was conducted in two phases: an exploratory phase marked by semi-directive interviews with institutional actors, the service concerned with the production and distribution of drinking water in Guercif, complemented by the second phase of a survey with a sample of heads of households. A mass of data from the field surveys during the summer of 2019 guided the analysis of the impacts of the water shortage in Guercif, as well as the behavior of the urban population towards water consumption and saving. This study describes the satisfaction scales of a sample of urban households based on a questionnaire. The results obtained from the surveys carried out during 2019 confirm the vulnerability of the water sector in Guercif, where the local water potential remains largely dependent on external contributions.

Phenomics research into plants allows for the non-invasive tracking of development, efficiency, and composition. The missing link between the phenome and the genome is connecting phenotypes to their underlying genetic causes. Plant phenotypic plasticity is affected by the complex interactions between the DNA, the environment, and the management of the plant. The relationship between plants and pathogens, as well as the susceptibility of plants to illness, can be investigated by using phonemics. New opportunities exist thanks to sensing technologies for detecting specific phenotypic reactions during plant-pathogen interaction, allowing for faster selection of genetic material resistant to specific pathogens or strains and greater insight into the physiological mechanisms linking pathogen infection and host disease symptoms. Changes in plant diseases that have not yet shown apparent symptoms can also be detected using phonemics. In plant diseases, digital imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, spectral imaging, and thermal imaging are all used. Magnetic resonance, soft x-ray imaging, ultrasound, and volatile chemical detection are briefly described as examples of less common techniques. It is challenging to generate representative and reliably labelled training data at this size due to the observation of only mixed spectra of plant and fungal components. For this purpose, clear spectra are required. Contaminants on a surface can be detected at an early stage using infrared light. The temperature sensitivity and real-time detection capabilities of thermal imaging make it useful. There have been significant advances in high-throughput, low-cost analysis of genetic data and in non invasive phenotyping. We hope that our work may hasten the introduction of automated, non-destructive methods for high-throughput phenotyping of plant-pathogen interactions.

Thanks to recent developments in genome engineering, it is now possible to make targeted changes to DNA sequences in plant cells, resulting in plants with desirable characteristics. The efficiency with which sequence-specific nucleases and repair templates are delivered to plant cells is crucial for effective gene targeting. Particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation are two methods that do this; however, they each change just a small percentage of cells in the tissues being treated. Vectors based on viruses that can replicate on their own have recently been shown to be an effective method of delivering GE reagents to plants. Gene targeting rates in model plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) and crops have been shown to be high for both DNA and RNA viruses (Shan.S. 2017). The use of plant viruses as vectors for the heterologous expression of genes dates back more than 30 years. Different approaches have been taken to using them since then, but what has consistently propelled viral vector use is the three-stage convergence of technology and virology tools that we will explore below. Firstly, the development of molecular biology and reverse genetics allowed for the cloning and manipulation of viral genomes to express genes of interest. The second is due to the convenience and extensive application of virus-induced gene silencing made possible by the discovery of RNA silencing and the development of high-throughput sequencing tools (Cody et al., 2019). Transient RNA and DNA replicons based on viruses provide a number of advantages over transgenic gene expression, including speed and ease of development and the potential for widespread application in a wide range of plant species. While the instability of the foreign gene in the viral genome can be problematic, these features are especially useful when rapidly increasing gene expression is a priority. Gene replacement, gene insertion, epitope presentation, the use of virus-controlled gene expression cassettes, and complementation are only some of the methods that have been tried and evaluated for foreign gene expression in various virus-based vectors (Herman B. et al. 1996). The study of host gene activities in plants and the delivery of short RNAs to insects have both benefited from the use of virus-induced gene silencing, which is RNA-mediated and activated through homology-dependent RNA degradation mechanisms (Peter A. et al. 2020).

Environmental degradation is deterioration of the environment or the disintegration of the earth through consumption of assets, like, air, water, and soil. The destruction of environment and the eradication of wildlife are the major effects of it. Air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. According to World Bank experts, India has made good progress between 1995 through 2010, in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality. However, Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality like those enjoyed in developed economies. Environmental degradation is one of the primary reasons for causes of several diseases, health issues and long-term livelihood impact for India. Following are some of the significant issues of environmental degradation discussed at a length.

Environmental challenges are universal in scope, and as each nation has jurisdiction over its own territory and is responsible for its own environment, it should exercise control over, monitor, and establish legislation to protect that environment. India is also affected by this.

     Agriculture was the first occupation of man, and as it embraces the whole earth, it is the foundation of all.

     In pre-historic times, man survived by foraging the natural fruits and hunting in the wild. Thousands of years then he learnt the art of growing crops and cultivated the food he want in his own settlement. He made improvements in all the practices of agriculture. Even now technology gets better and better to achieve the goals of productivity, profitability and food security. But the thought of sustainability, stability and safety in agriculture is of very recent genesis.

     Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Indian economy. It has existed in this country for thousands of years. It has evolved over the years and the use of new technology and equipment has replaced almost all traditional farming methods. Also, there are still some small farmers in India who use old traditional farming methods as they lack the resources to apply modern methods. Moreover, it is the only sector that contributes to the growth not only of itself but also of other sectors in the country.

     Climate change has been affecting different parts of the world differently. This arises out of variations in the environmental and socio-economic conditions of people across the globe. Changes in global climate are mostly the result of human-induced changes in the global atmospheric composition. The 2021 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) provides strong evidence of anthropogenic influence, especially through emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the increase in global surface air temperature over the last 5 decades relative to 1850-1900 (Eyring et al., 2021). Agriculture is one of the human activities that emit significant amounts of GHGs. It contributes about 37% of total GHG emissions (Climate Analytics, 2021), which by 2018, amounts to 9.3 billion tonnesof carbon dioxide equivalent (FAO, 2020).

     Release of untreated textile effluents, especially into water bodies contributes immensely in making the environment unhealthy, and thereby affecting entire life of humans, plants and other aquatic animals. This eventually affects the quality of water and limits its utilization. This study was carried out to determine some physical and chemical parameters of Challawa textile industrial effluent in Kano, Nigeria. Physicochemical characterization of textile effluents collected from Challawa industrial estates was carried out and the parameters considered in this study were Temperature, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolve Oxygen and Electrical Conductivity EC . Using morphological and biochemical characteristics, three (3) species of bacteria (Pseudomonasearuginosa, Pseudomonasflourescens and Bacillusmegaterium) were obtained from the central laboratory of Bayero University, Kano for their ability to degrade textile effluents and grow on minimum basal medium efficiently and rapidly. The biodegradation and decolourisations of the bacterial species were carried out for 5 days and the results were expressed in percentages with Pseudomonasearuginosa (99.60%), Pseudomonasflourescens and Bacillusmegaterium (89.00%) The results showed high rates of physicochemical parameters. Analysis of variance of the results revealed that, there was statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in Temperature, pH and DO after bioremediation. While there was no significant difference in the reduction efficacy of BOD, COD and EC. The selected bacterial species represent a promising tool for application in bioremediation of textile industrial effluents and the biodegradation potential observed would increase the applicability of these microorganisms for treatment of textile effluents before disposal to appropriate channel.

Keywords: Bacterial species; Bioremediation; Challawa industrial estates; Physicochemical parameters; Textile effluents

     This study explored the valuable components from the different varieties of Roselle (zoborodo) extract, it also focuses on the assessments of the nutritional value of the extract due to its constant utilization as soft drinks in localities to replace conventional soft drinks such as coca cola and similar drinks. Analysis showed that the dried red sample contain 0.08 mg/g reducing sugar while the dried white sample showed 0.098 mg/g as compared to fresh red sample that showed 0.096 mg/g, but fresh white sample has only 0.081 mg/g. Organic acids of the extract showed the dried red and white samples has 15.5 mg/g and 15.25 mg/g ascorbic acid, and the fresh red and fresh white showed 14.3 mg/g and 14.0 mg/g of ascorbic acids respectively. Citric acid content of dried red showed 1.88 mg/g > 0.58 mg/g dried white samples. Tartaric acid of dried red sample showed 2.0 mg/g > 0.88 mg/g in dried white samples. Other component such as pectin showed that both fresh red and dried red samples have the same values of 0.6mg/g > fresh white 0.58mg/g > dried white sample with 0.40mg/g. Tartaric acid showed 2.0 mg/g and 0.67 mg/g for dried red and dried white samples, while citric acid values of dried red and dried white showed 1.88mg/g and 0.58mg/g accordingly. This study indicated that the values of ascorbic acid, citric acids and other essentials components of Roselle extract are within the recommended food supplements for body metabolism and it should be utilized as common drinks.

Keywords: Roselle; Organic acids; Reducing sugar; Tartaric acid; Ascorbic acid; Pectin

     The rearing performance of different eco-races of eri silkworm were undertaken in Sidama region during 2018 to 2021). In this experiment Eri Marked, Eri Green, Eri 3.4 and eri yellow was analyzed by the following parameters viz. hatching (%), larval weight (g), larval duration and total life cycle (d), larva weight, single cocoon weight (SCW) , larva survivability and disease incidence. Thus, different silkworm strains showed statistical significant silkworm characteristic ranges in different locations which include egg hatchability (62.61% to 89.00%), larval duration (20.67days to 25.83 days), total life cycle duration (50.49 days to 74.00 days), single weight of larva (4.427 grams to 8.155 grams), effective rate of rearing (60.11% to 93.67%), single cocoon weight (1.848 grams to 2.903 grams), single shell weight (0.251 grams to 0.418 grams) and silk ratio (13.06 to 15.05%). However, a Vietnamese eri silkworm strain known by Eri-3.4 have showed an outstanding performance compared to other strains in all the locations especially in cocoon parameters. Therefore, it is recommended for future research and development efforts on eri silkworms in Ethiopia.

Keywords: Eri silkworm strains; rearing performance; cocoon

     The indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) system has been developed by the people based on their experiences and continuous improvement through informal experimentation over centuries. These ITK are interwoven and assimilated in the cultural life of the people. The integration of Rural People's Knowledge with research and extension system is advocated, as neither of them is capable of solving many micro level problems in a cost-effective way. In Tamil Nadu, the southern most state of India, many of the worthful traditional agricultural Knowledge are still practiced by the farmers.

     The knowledge of traditional agriculture not only be documented, but also be encouraged and helped to take rightful place in the context of modern knowledge. The study was carried out in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. It aimed to document the ITK in the study area with 120 paddy farmers. The study documented the various ITKs of paddy cultivation from the selection of seeds, seed treatment, nursery preparation, main field preparation, irrigation, weed management, nutrient management, and pest management. ITKs have been recorded and their rationality was assessed by discussed with the Scientist of specialization.

Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge; Traditional Knowledge; Paddy; Tamil Nadu; Rationality

     Sustainable development is the ability to make developments sustainable. The definition of sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of sustainable development is based on three pillars; Social Sustainability which includes people and culture; Economic Sustainability; which includes technology and the financial sector and Environmental Sustainability which involves the earth and the ecosystem.

This research assessed the effects of heavy metals on biological properties of soils in Kano metropolis in view of the fact that the contamination of the soil by toxic heavy metals has become an issue of global concern; more so because information on the effect of heavy metals on biological properties of soils in Kano metropolis is limited and inadequate for promoting the very crucial environmental sustainability and harmony. Field investigation and laboratory analysis were the main sources of generating data for the study. The study area was divided into two locations: effluent-affected and control locations. Each of the locations was divided into 4 grid squares within which samples were collected. The properties investigated include: Microbial biomass carbon, phosphate and urease. The results of the analyses were subjected to statistical analyses using SPSS software and Microsoft excel to undertake t-test of means, ANOVA, correlation and regression at 95% confident limit. The results revealed that all heavy metals were found to be higher in the effluent-affected locations and that rainfall enhanced the dilution and leaching of the heavy metals in the soil, resulting in the low mean values of heavy metals in the wet season.Microbial biomass carbon, phosphatase and urease activities were found to be higher in all the effluent-affected locations as a result of the resistance of soil microbes to heavy metals toxicity coupled with high pH and temperature. Microbial biomass carbon negatively correlated with Cd (r = - 0.54*), phosphatase was negatively correlated with Cd (r = - 0.22) and Ni (r = - 0.09), while urease was negatively correlated with Cd (r = - 0.26*) and Ni (r = - 0.008). The results in general indicate that the determination of the biological properties of the soils reflects the microbial activities in soils and so these properties are considered as soil quality indicators. The study recommends reduction of aerial contamination from industrial operation. Private treatment plant should be established for the treatment of the effluent. The treatment system charge for the cost of treatment and monitoring for compliance are to be by government.

Most people show the interest sunlight for growth of a plant, although it isessential condition, there is nothing to say. And water is not much than light. Here we focus on the water, but not in because of H₂O itself. We are interested in the pico-sized particle similar to an elementary particle after treatment of the smoked charcoals. This report describes the following one that we discussed the August conditions in the last time. The growth of the rice plant in Uonuma location is unique, and the rice yield is in an activated field with smoked charcoals. The harvest is about twice than in the control field. We discuss that the cause is function of chlorophyll, namely water absorbing efficiency by a plant improves because of the small size of water.

Keywords: activation of rice field; growth of rice; rice yield; pico-sized water; chlorophyll function

     In present study, sodium chloride and cadmium Stresses was mitigated by application of salicylic Acid and indole acetic acid in tomato varieties (Lycopersicum esculentum) var., PKM-1 and Udayveer”. NaCl and Cadmium was added to the soil in different concentrations against salicylic acid SA and indole acetic acid IAA. The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized design with 16 treatments and three replications at SHUATS, Prayagraj in rabi season of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, respectively. In general anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and DPPH radical scavenging activity [DPPH (%)] of tomato varieties were recorded maximum in T₁₅ 2 mM SA + 2 mM IAA and minimum in T₀.

Keywords: Tomato; varieties; cadmium; salinity

Petrol pump fraud is very common nowadays. Many petrol pumps today temper the pumps such that it displays the amount as entered, but in actuality, the quantity of fuel filled in the consumer's tank is much lesser than the displayed value. The pump mans are cheating for the profit. It consists of creating a digital display for the exact volume of fuel contained in the fuel tank. The above-developed fact is considered in the project, and it is found to be an effective solution for digitally indicating the same inlet of fuel in the tank.

Keywords: Petrol Flow Meter; Flow Sensor; Digital Fuel Metering Device

     Water is an essential component of agricultural productivity and is crucial to food security. Twenty percent of all farmed area is used for irrigation agriculture, which generates forty percent of all food produced globally. The productivity of irrigated agriculture is often at least twice that of rain fed agriculture per unit of land, allowing for greater crop diversification and output intensification.

     Competition for water resources is anticipated to increase as a result of population expansion, urbanization, and climate change, with an emphasis on agriculture. By 2050, the world's population is projected to reach over 10 billion, and whether they live in cities or the countryside, they will all require food and fiber to meet their fundamental needs. By 2050, it is predicted that agricultural production will need to increase by roughly 70% due to these factors, as well as the rise in calorie and complex food intake that comes along with economic growth in the developing countries.

     However, the future demand for water across all sectors will necessitate the reallocation of up to 40% of water from lower to higher productivity and employment activities, particularly in areas with a shortage of water. Due to agriculture's significant proportion of water demand, such reallocation is typically anticipated to originate from this sector. Currently, agriculture uses 70% of all freshwater withdrawals worldwide (on average) and much more of "consumptive water usage" because of crop evapotranspiration.

     It will be necessary for water to move both physically and virtually. Changes in the initial distribution of surface and groundwater resources, mostly from agricultural to urban, environmental, and industrial users, can result in the physical movement of water. Water can theoretically travel as well since the production of food, goods, and services that require a lot of water is concentrated in water-abundant regions and traded to water-scarce regions.

     Improvements in water use efficiency and advancements in water delivery systems will also need to go hand in hand with inter-sectoral water re-allocations and large shifts of water away from agriculture. The effectiveness of water utilization in agriculture will also depend on how well main system (off-farm) upgrades are matched with suitable incentives for on-farm expenditures aimed at bettering soil and water management. To implement such options, it will be necessary to upgrade water delivery systems to deliver adequate on-demand service. It will also be necessary to use cutting-edge technologies (such as soil moisture sensors and satellite evapotranspiration measurements) to increase the productivity and efficiency of water use in agriculture.

     It is necessary to completely reevaluate how water is handled in the agricultural sector and how it might be repositioned in the context of overall water resources management and water security in order to address the issues of the future. Furthermore, irrigation and drainage plans, big or little, are notable examples of spatially scattered public works in rural areas. They thus serve as a sensible means of bringing employment possibilities to communities.

Practical challenges for water in agriculture

     Inadequate policies, severe institutional underperformance, and funding constraints are frequently barriers to enhancing water management in agriculture. Important governmental and private entities, such as basin authorities, irrigation agencies, water users' and farmer associations, agricultural and water ministries, typically lack the supportive atmosphere and essential resources to perform their duties.

     For instance, basin authorities frequently have insufficient power to assemble stakeholders and enforce water allocations. Instead of creating options for small-scale private financing and irrigation management, institutions tasked with promoting irrigation sometimes restrict themselves to capital-intensive bigger scale schemes. Additionally, extremely distorted incentive frameworks for water price and agricultural assistance programmes are frequently the response of farmers and their organizations, which further impedes the sector's good advances.

Additionally, the majority of water users and governments do not make sufficient investments in irrigation and drainage (I&D) system upkeep. While insufficient management and operation may contribute to the underwhelming performance of I&D systems, it is particularly the inability to adequately maintain systems that causes their performance to decline and the ensuing requirement for rehabilitation. The industry-wide "build-neglect-rehabilitate-neglect" cycle is a result of the failure to allocate appropriate cash for I&D system upkeep.

     Given the aforementioned limitations, the agricultural water management industry is currently repositioning itself in order to provide modern and sustainable services. It suggests a unique method to managing risks associated with larger social and economic water-related repercussions while also constructing resilient water services and maintaining water supplies. This can be accomplished by improving incentives for innovation, reforms, and accountability. It also supports the management of watersheds and the greening of the industry.

Bivalves are known for bioaccumulation of environmental contaminants and hence they can be used as good bioindicators of heavy metal contamination in coastal areas. This ability is due to their sessile lifestyle, resistance to high accumulation of chemicals and ease of sampling. Kochi is a coastal area in the south west of Kerala. Kochi backwaters are part of the Vembanad lake which support a large production of bivalves. The samples for the study were collected from five different locations which are part of Kochi backwaters. Villorita cyprinoides (black clam) and Mytella strigata (an invasive mussel) are the two species used for the study. The analysis of Heavy metals was done with the help of EDXRF spectroscopy and was carried out in BARC. The study revealed the presence of four heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn, Cd) in both M. strigata and V. cyprinoides. The concentration of heavy metals is more prominent in M. strigata than V. cyprinoides. The results of this study enabled to conclude that both V. cyprinoides and M. strigata possess the ability for bioaccumulation of heavy metals from the surrounding. It is found that the heavy metal concentrations are above the safe limits which indicate that bivalves from the Kochi backwaters are not safe and suitable for consumption. Prolonged exposure may result in health issues in humans.

A trial was conducted to evaluate different height support structures on agronomic and seed yield attributes of Lablab purpureus accessions in Hawassa Zuria Woreda of Sidama region. Three L. purpureus accessions (L. purpureus 147, 11609 and 6529) and three support structures with different height (0, 100 and 150 cm height) in three time replication were used in randomized complete block design. Support structures height (SS) had significant effect on plant height (PH)), number of branches per plant (NBPP), forage dry matter yield (DMY)), and seed yield (SY) at (P < 0.05). 1.5 m height support structure had significantly influenced all the measured parameter as higher plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter yield and seed yield in regardless of accession. Similarly, variation in accession had shown significant effect at (P < 0.05) on plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter yield, and seed yield. The interaction effect of support structures and different accessions was non-significant at (P < 0.05) in all measured parameters and this indicates that performance of the different accessions was stable in all height levels, there is increase in all measured value as heightof support structure increases. Therefore, it can be suggested that it would be better to use best adapted forage species with increased height of support structure. From the three evaluated L. purpureus accessions L. purpureus (147) at the height of 1.5 m support structure produced higher dry matter and seed yield. The support structures could be agroforestry trees, stand tree, stick structures that could be easily accessible and least cost. So, that it can be recommended for unemployed youths who involved in lablab seed production could be profited by using 1.5 m high support structure and accession 147.

In summer, termites are collected for Identify and assess colony distribution. Collections are direct from a visible gallery or use a trap with ethanol. Soldier for pattern recognition and DNA extraction. Morphological identification according to existing literature. Species differences were assessed by measuring 20 characters/index and statistics. Based on these features, we generated a keyword and distribution map of the genus Termites. Research area. This is the first record of Odontotermesassmuthi and Odontotermesobesus of the three Regions, the first record of Odontotermes parvidens in the Buner and Swabi regions, and the first Records of Odontotermeshorai of Haripur. We then used the barcode of mtDNA COII to Validation of species assignment and phylogenetic analysis of colonies using Neighbor-Joining maximum likelihood analysis.

The study was carried out in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul during the agricultural season spring 2021, to study the effect of spraying with boron and phosphate fertilization on flowering and seed production of two dry white bean varieties Phaseolus vulgaris L. Using two cultivars (Argentine, Iranian), and boron as boric acid (0, 25 and 50 mg.l^-1 boron) and three levels of phosphate fertilizer as P2O5 (0, 20 and 40 kg.ha.^-1). The result indicated that Iranian cultivar was superior than Argentine in seed diameter (cm) and weight of 100 seeds. While the Argentine cultivar was significantly variable than Iranian in number of pods/plant, average weight of pod, number of seed per pod, seed length, number of seeds per plant, seeds weight per plant and seeds yield kg/ha.^-1, while boron at 25mg.l^-1 gave a high significant value in number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, in other hands the concentration of boron at 50 mg.l^-1 was significantly in average weight of pod, weight of 100 seeds, The interaction between cultivars argentine and 25 and 50 mg.l-1 boron caused significantly variability in pod number per plant, dry weight of pod, seeds number per pod, seed length , seeds number per plant seeds weight per plant and total seeds yield per ha. While interaction between argentine varieties and 20 and 40 kg/ha. of P₂O₅ was superiors in most traits. The interaction between boron at 50 mg/l. and 20 kg/ha. P₂O₅ gave significant value for number of pod per plant, pod weight, seeds weight/plant and total seeds yield/ha.

Agriculture is becoming increasingly important worldwide because of food-supply crises, drought, and floods. Meanwhile, some countries lack even drinking water. We must discuss the effects of water as another theme in science and engineering. First, our developed water is the dissociated hydrogen bond water resulting in the water size of a picometer order. And our purposes are cleaning a pond and moat around the living area using the activated goods like a boat, etc., with our developed water. Another point, the purpose is that we report the growth of rice using the activated stainless steel with our water. Furthermore, we introduce reduction of radioactivity in the rice using the activated rope and plastic piles, then discuss radioactivity change depending on the cooking method of the rice. And we report the mechanisms of how materials can be activated using our water.

Biogeological indicators have always been used in the mineral exploration. They may be classified into geobotanical and Geozoological indicators. Geozoological methods of mineral exploration, involve the use of animals, either directly or indirectly, while geobotanical indicators involve the typical clues through the study of plants.

In past as well, dogs have been used as mineral sniffers. Important clues and indications have been revealed through the biogeochemical analyses of honey combs, termite mounds, fishes other animals. In the field of Oil Exploration, most vital tool is the study of microfossils in the ocean beds.

Southern Bastar Region, Chhattisgarh, India has a huge potential of diamond mineralization, within the kimberlite and lamproite dykes of the Proterozoic age. Diamond exploration in the region is being carried out extensively with the help of both conventional and non-conventional methods of exploration. Apart from the conventional Geophysical and Geochemical methods, unconventional methods of using Etymological, Pedogenic & Biogeochemical Indicators and Geozoological Indicators are also applied.

The positive geochemical indicators include positive topographic indicators such as yellow and blue ground, presence of heavy mineral Pyrope, Ilmenite, Diopside, and 20-40 times enrichment of Ni, Cr, V, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ti and Ta. Positive Geophysical indicators include higher radioactivity due to Zr, Nb, Sr, Th and U and large positive Gravity anomaly.

The biological indicators play an important role in the location of kimberlite pipes in the region. These pipes are marked by the positive plant growth of abnormally higher size. This would have resulted due to higher content of K.P and Ti in the pipe rocks beneath, which act as nutrients. Similar pattern of plant growth have been found in the Hinota and Kimberly pipes as well.

Interestingly, many Geozoological indicators such as Termite Mounds and Fox holes have been helpful in discovery of similar kimberlite pipes in Orpha, Botswana and Mir, Russia, respectively. In Kimberly, Australia, studies have revealed that count of a bacteria “Bacillus cereus” has been found to be abnormally high in the vicinity of the kimberlite pipes.

Further intense investigations and research of the “biogeological indicators”, along the same line, may lead to better understanding of more diamondiferous horizons in the region.

The effect of fertilizers on shoot initiation of ‘Lady Jane’ type Anthuriumandraeanum cv. ‘Lalani’ was studied under net house conditions to produce quality plants for ornamental purposes. The experiment was conducted at the Department of National Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, using tissue cultured A. andraeanumc v. ‘Lalani’ plants grown on a medium of coconut husk pieces only. Four different fertilizer combinations (T1)5g of granule (N: P: K 11:11:18) +Water soluble (N:P:K 6:30:30) + Organic liquid fertilizer, (T2) 5g of granule (N: P: K 11:11:18) + Water soluble (N:P:K 10:20:40)+ trace elements with chelated technology (liquid), (T3) 5g of granule (N:P:K 13:06:27) + Water soluble (N:P:K 10:20:40)+ trace elements with chelated technology (liquid) and (T4) 5g of granule (N:P:K 13:06:27) + Water soluble (N:P:K 20:20:20) +extracts of the sea plant were tested. The fertilizer combination T2showed best performance for parameters number of new shoots, height of plant and number of leaves. Thus 5g of slow release granule (N:P:K11:11:18) combined with Water soluble (N:P:K 10:20:40) + trace elements with chelated technology was considered the most suitable fertilizer combination for the initiation of shoots of Anthuriumandraeanum cv. ‘Lalani’ under local climatic condition in a net house with 70% shade.

The use of climate smart crops in Zambia is an urgent concern by the government and the private sector, as the weather trends show an increasing low rainfall quantity and length of season, with increased temperatures across the seasons. The use of mutation breeding to create variation among cowpea genotypes for climate smart traits (improved yields, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses) has resulted in promising lines with potential for use in climate change adaptation, especially among farmers. However, there is limited available information on the performance of the mutants. Evaluation of the mutation derived materials is essential in generating information that will be useful in development of appropriate adaptable varieties with good crop performance. Six genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) for traits; grain yield, days to maturity, biomass, ground cover and resistance to aphids in two seasons. The traits were measured as they are known to contribute highly to grain yield and are correlated to climate change adaptation. The weather data in two seasons were collected from meteorological department of Zambia. LT 4-2-4-1 and LT11-3-3-12 mutants showed increased grain yield, earliness and ground cover, compared to their parental variety, Lutembwe, and a recently released variety Lukusuzi, both used as controls. LT 4-2-4-1 recorded the highest yield of 1506 kg/ha while the parent had 1100kg/ha. The number of days to maturity was least (80) in LT 4-2-4-1 and ground cover was at 4.33 compared to 2.33 for Lutembweparental variety. Varying weather conditions, require the use of more early maturing varieties, therefore, genotypes such as LT 4-2-4-1 should be considered by Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI) for pre-release. Additionally, LT 4-2-4-1 and LT11-3-3-12 could be useful as breeding lines for ground cover and earliness in other breeding programs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how alternative supply chain management practices adopted by leading firms engaged in agro-processing in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh impact on the performance of the supply chain. We investigate on-going changes in the supply chain using information from leading agro-processing firms and related firms who are also engaged in the agro-processing activities. The information sheds light on how the new supply chain management policies and procedures have affected the cost structures, long-term profitability and organizational viability of the system. The emergence of agro-processing firms over the last decadeor so has profoundly influenced Madhya Pradesh agriculture marketing system, and the trend is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. The efforts of profit-motivated giants to sustain a very competitive market have altered traditional production and marketing channels. Evidence suggests that the firms are competing to adopt a range of supply chain management strategies to offer quality products, a wider choice, reduced wastage, greater value for money and shorter, but more effective supply chains. The impact of agriculture supply chain (here we give special emphasis on agro-processing chain) on global and local supply chains, and its implications for actors in the supply chains have received much attention in recent years. This research study will utilize standard performance measures to compare performance of competing supply chains including Satisfaction of stakeholders, Price performance (profitability), Labour employment, Efficiency (price stability, timely delivery of orders, quality management). Information will be collected though a series of interviews with the appropriate personnel concerned in the agro-processing firms and their supply chain partners.

Natural pasture productivity is reducing due to shrinkage of grazing land in highlands of crop livestock mixed production system; which is aggravated by poor management and misuse of it. The study was conducted in bursa district of Sidama region in 2018 and 2019 cropping season with objective of identifying effects of urea top dressing and grass and legume over-sowing on herbaceous production, species composition improvement of grazing land. Five different treatments were applied as T₁, control, .T₂. over sowing phalaris grass, T₃, over sowing clover, T₄, top dressing 100kg of urea, T₅, top dressing 50 kg urea and over-sowing phalaris. All experimental plots were fenced throughout the study period. There was statistically significant difference at (p≤0.05) among treatments in total dry matter yield; having a DMY of 2.54 tone/ha DM in T₁ followed by 2.32 tone/ha in T₂. There was no statistically significant difference at (p≤0.05) in legume dry matter yield among treatments. Species composition was categorized in dry matter base as grass, legumes and herbs; of these grasses dominated in all experimental plots followed by legumes. Statically significant difference at (p≤0.05) was recorded in year two than year one in all parameters recorded having 1.96 tone/ha and 2.06 tone/ha DM respectively in year one and two. From the identified grass species Setariaverticellata frequently occurred in urea applied plots whereas Trifoliumruppellianum was dominant species in non-urea applied plotsespecially in clover over-sown plots. During field observation, the participants of the grazing land day rated the Urea applied treatment as best because of the high yield of pasture. Finally it could be recommended to top dress urea for increased biomass yield. It would be better to conduct a long-term study to examine the effects of the different treatments on productivity of grazing lands, herbaceous species composition, grazing capacities, livestock and the environment.

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is a destructive disease in rice. The use of blast-resistant varieties is possibly one of the best economically and environmentally efficient ways to cultivate rice. Four-way crosses between two F₁s were performed from UKMRC2 × Teqing and UKMRC2 × Tetep. A segregating population of 30 4-way F₁ lines and 72 4-way F₄ lines were screened with a set of 51 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers representing Pi9, Pi5, Pib, Piz, Pita, and Pi54 genes to evaluate the sequence variation. Field blast screening was carried out using six newly identified Malaysian isolates of M. oryzae. Blast disease score of 1 or 2 was observed in 28 4-way F₁ lines and 57 4-way F4 lines. The 4-way F₄ population showed the resistant alleles for Pi54 and Pita. According to Sequenom data, both generated reproducible and aggressive calls. The SNP data revealed nine sequence variants, which showed the presence of two putative haplotype blocks for Pi54 and Pita respectively. Qgene analysis of the 4-way F₄ population showed Pi54 with LOD of 14 (R2 = 56.6%) and Pita with LOD of 14 (R² = 72.4%). Pi54 was mapped to a region of 312 kb on chromosome 11 flanked by SNPs Pi54-3 and Pi54-19 while, Pita was mapped to a region of 175 kb on Chromosome 12 flanked by SNPs Pita-10 and Pita-3. The resistance alleles highlighted in this study can be used in development of rice blast disease resistant varieties having high yield through gene pyramiding.

Just a few days ago former IMF Chief Economist Ken Rogoff predicted that the USA will plunge into recession due to supply shocks from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the inflation crisis adding to it. Also, the World Bank chief, David Malpass had said that the ongoing inflation might last for two years and some countries will find it ‘very hard’ to avoid recession. But what will happen to India due to this catastrophe? We all know that when the US sneezes, the world catches a cold - which means that a recession in the US will leave a cascading effect on other economies like what happened in the aftermath of the 2008 US Housing crisis.

Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus), belongs to the Cyperaceae family and is also found to be a perennial crop of the same genus as the papyrus plant. It is widely distributed in the temperate zones within south Europe and also grows naturally in Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is known in Nigeria as “Aya” in Hausa, “Ofio” in Yoruba and “AkiHausa” in Igbo. The aim of the study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of tigernut on aluminum chloride induced histopathological changes on the liver of adult wistar rats. The objectives of the study were to induce liver damage in wistar rats using aluminium chloride, and to determine whether tiger nut has ameliorative effect on the histopathological change induced by aluminium chloride on liver of wistar rat. Twenty five wistar rats weighing between 80g and 170g were randomly grouped into five rats each (A, B, C, D and E). After two weeks of acclimatization, group A was administered with normal saline, group B was administered with 500 mg/kg bwt of aluminum chloride, group C was administered with 1250 mg/kg bwt of cyperus esculentus, group D was administered with 500mg/kg of aluminum chloride and 2500mg/kg of cyperus esculentus, group E was administered with 500 mg/kg of aluminum chloride and 3750mg/kg of cyperus esculentus.

After two weeks of administration three rats from each group were sacrificed humanely and the liver of the rats were harvested for histological studies. The results showed that oral administration of aluminum chloride caused histopathological changes manifested with congested central vein, inflammation and fibrosis on the liver tissue, the group treated with cyperus esculentus showed normal histology of the liver, and the group treated with aluminum chloride and cyperus esculentus showed decrease in histopathological changes and partially restored live rtissue. In conclusion aluminum chloride induced histopathological changes on the liver tissues of adult wistar rats was ameliorated using cyperus esculentus with restoration of the degenerative changes which were time-dependent and dose-dependent respectively.

Phytoremediation potentials of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Sunflower (Helianthus amarus) and Fluted pumpkin (Telifaria occidentallis) on spent engine oil polluted texturally contrasting soils was evaluated in the glasshouse belonging to the Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Three texturally contrasting soils: Sandy loam (SL), Loamy sand (LS) and Sandy clay loam (SCL) were potted with a polythene bag and polluted with 10% w/w (122ml/kg), 20% w/w (245ml/kg) and 0% w/w (0ml/kg) of spent engine oil. The experiment was a 3x3x3 factorial replicated thrice in a completely randomized design (CRD). The soil was thoroughly mixed with spent engine oil and allowed to stay for three weeks to allow for proper absorption of the engine oil. Thereafter, air dried crushed and sieved poultry manure was applied to each polythene bag at a rate of 40 t/ha. The spent engine oil- organic manure mixture was watered to field capacity 3 times per week for two weeks after which the crops were sown. Soil samples were collected and analyzed at the end of the study which lasted for 12 weeks, to determine the total hydrocarbon in the soil after planting. The data on soil parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT. The results showed that the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was higher in the 20% polluted soil as it increases with the level of pollution and was highest in the soil in which pumpkin was planted and least in the soil in which sunflower was planted. The study concluded that Sunflower has better phytoremediation potential for spent engine oil-polluted soils than Sorghum and Fluted pumpkin.

We introduce recent virus infectious mechanisms from the viewpoint of amino acids. We focus on the chemical formula and atomic bonding strength involving amino acids resulting in the current pandemic. Furthermore, we refer to how to protect a virus with the water with theoretical ideas and evidences. After they apply higher pressurization to ordinary tap water, the water only possesses the pico-sized particle, which emits far-infrared and terahertz electromagnetic wave besides chemical reduction to viruses and diseases.

In accessibility and increase in price of commercial concentrates as a supplement for ruminants laid a way to look for other options in hand. The aim of current study was to identify the optimum level supplementing cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a replacement for protein on growth performance and economic efficiency of local goats. Twenty four intact yearling bucks with an average initial body weight of 13.92 ± 1.03 kg were purchased from Balela local market and assigned to one of the four treatment feeds in a completely randomized block design as: T₁= Grazing + 100gm WB + 150gm CLM, T₂ = Grazing + 100g WB + 200g CLM, T₄= Grazing + 100g WB + 250g CLM (T₄= Grazing + 300g Concentrate mix). All animals were allowed access to water ad libitum and the experiment was undertaken for 90 days live weight gain, DM intake, FCR and cost-benefit analysis were parameters studied during experiment. The chemical composition of feed samples was conducted immediately before commence of actual experiment showed that cassava leaf meal has high protein content which is above the minimum requirement level for optimal rumen microbial activity (22.94%) and low fibres content which are readily digestible (30.37%) indicating that it can be potentially used as supplemental feed for ruminants in areas where other sources are not available and/or are expensive. Supplemental feeding of 250gm of air dried CLM and 100gm of WB in current experiment positively influenced the economic efficiency and growth performance of animals by providing higher feed intake and greater weight gain as compared to T₁ group and T₂. The results from daily live weight gain were 63.1g, 69.9g, 93.22 and 103.78g for T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ respectively. Bucks in T₃ and T₄ (positive control) gained better than (93.22 and 103.78g/day) bucks in T₁ & T₂. Whereas the results from DMI were, 3.3kg, 3.0kg, 3.5kg and 3.7kg for T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ respectively. Even though goats in T₄ performed relatively better than all other treatment groups, supplementation of air CLM (T₃) was economically feasible, profitable. Therefore, supplementing goats those which graze on natural pasture with 250g of dried CLM and 100gm of WB will be feasible for optimum production. Further study on maximum inclusion level of dried cassava leaf meal has to be studied in grazing goats.

Seed multiplication in sugarcane through conventional technique is low (1:10) that’s why there is need to increase multiplication ratio through different multiplication technique used single bud, seed setts and top portion i.e. meristmatic region of cane stalk. The notified and released sugarcane varieties those bearing high yield and higher juice quality and also it showed stability and tolerance abilities against biotic and biotic factors under changing climatic scenario. The trueness to variety depends upon its good germination percentage, high genetic & physical purity percentage, vigour and its appearance treated as standard quality seed followed the Seed acted as foundation of Agriculture Technology and modernized much of farming’s day-to-day operations also helpful to steady supply of high yielder quality seed, to get high yield. Good quality seed can give up to 15% higher yield in most of the crop. A reviewed upon the advancements of different seed multiplication techniques of sugarcane viz, single bud plantlets (SBP), spaced transplanting (STP), poly bag seedling transplanting, bud chip, sablang or sprouting, rayungan, distance planting, tjeblock, advance vertical seed multiplication, tissue culture and popular conventional methods was done, among them single bud plantlets found the best one. Keeping this above said points in view it is subsidised by the Govt. of Bihar for popularity of SBP among the farmers. Seed standard of sugarcane either in conventional method or tissue culture technique should be maintained so that farmers will get maximum production with quality seed standard.

India Himalayan Region is well recognized for its rich biotic wealth and cultural and ethnic diversity. Availability of more than 650 species of wild edible plants largely supports to the local communities to meet their nutritional needs as food supplements. Unfortunately, the high potential of these natural resources to combat with global malnutrition issues has been under exploited and underutilized. In case of cultivated plants, the standard practices pertaining to growing, harvesting, post-harvesting, processing technology, packaging and storage of the processed products are well known to develop quality products. On the other hand for wild edibles, only the measures for handling during the collection and post-harvest activities apply and this, it is one of the major advantages of the wild fruits particularly collected from non-polluted environment of Himalayan region.

Aquaculture is a globally fast-growing food sector, and its economic significance is increasing consistently. India has massive potential in aquaculture resources, but the overall production is not impressive as, in most places, traditional farming practices are commonly used (Kathia et al., 2005). The disease management approach in traditional farming is very poor. Earlier studies found that, on average, 10-15% of the total production was destroyed due to the disease occurrence in freshwater farms (Geetha et al., 2022).

An inclusive knowledge of weed biology is essential for identification and management in order to develop both economically and environmentally acceptable weed management systems. A comprehensive documentation of weed communities is essentially required for inventorization, taxonomic identification and effective management. Present experiment was conducted on composition and their vegetation analysis of weed species through collection of specimens from destructive sample plots in HNB Garhwal University, Chaurus Campus, Uttarakhand. A total of 26 weed species belonging to 24 genera and 18 families were recorded from the 13 plots. Total Number of Individuals (TNI) was observed highest in Murraya koenigii (221±7.10) and least for Ziziphus Mauritiana (13±0.48). Important Value Index (IVI) was highest for Murraya koenigii (137.44) and Cannabis sativa (66.73), while the lowest was recorded for Ziziphus mauritiana (22.33) and Cissampelo spereira (2.41). Oxalis corniculata (69.23) showed the highest frequency, while Cannabis sativa showed both density=13.09 and abundance=21.27 to be the highest. Both Cissampelo spereira and Solanum nigrum species recorded lowest frequency, density and abundance was with value F=7.69 each. On basis of IVI, Murrayakoinigii and Cannabis sativa species marked the highest level of domination in the observation plots. The Asteraceae (4) followed by Amaranthaceae (3) and Malvaceae (3) were observed to be dominant family at the sites. The family such as Apocynaceae, Canabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae showed least number of species. The range of abundance-frequency ratio was between 0.02 – 0.35, which indicate regular and random distribution pattern, signifying a suitable management system for weed regime in the area.

We learn any plant possesses chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Here, we introduce oxygenic photosynthetic organisms that use water as an electron donor resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide. SIGN water contains the detailed information transferring it to another substance and changing its properties with the information. The water reduces the material and has characteristics to change the nucleus. The property is based on pico sized water and leads to the development of germination and growth of a plant. Furthermore, we find the generation of chlorophyll based on the nuclear change starting from water absorbance in roots to leaves.

Nine early maturing sugarcane clones and their 12 morpho-physiological characters were studied in 2015-16 and 2016-17 crop seasons under inorganic environment to assess their genetic distance and characters association. The results of the experiment revealed that variety CoPk 05191 had greater genetic distance from CoS03251 (239.401), CoLk011201 (227.923) and UP 05125 (201.355), medium genetic distance was between Co098014 and Co 011201 (224. 618), Co098014 and UP05125 (179.927), and Co098014 and CoS03251 (178.029). The hybridization between the aforesaid combinations of clones can produce heterotic and transgressive genotypes with higher cane and sugar yield. The cane yield showed strong positive and highly significant correlation with cane height (r= 0.948**), single cane weight (r=0.817**), number of millable cane (r=0.748**), and green top yield (r=0.653**). Being highly correlated with cane yield, the characters like cane height, cane weight, NMC and green top weight need special focus while making selection for higher cane and sugar yield.

AMMI analysis evaluated the total variations in genotypic yield values across the environments and partied the total variations into various components to assess their significance. Environments, GxE interactions, and genotypes effects were highly significant with 69.4%, 24.1%, 3.4% respectively. IPCA-5 favored G11, G6, G8 as per IPCA-6 genotypes would be G5, G4, G17 while IPCA-7 pointed towards G3, G20, G4. First two AMMI components totalled 57.6% and ASV1 & ASV measures recommended (G4, G20, G15). MASV1 & MASV measures considered 98.5% total of seven Interaction principal components and identified G15, G9, G6 genotypes. G21, G17, G10 would be of consistent yield as per least values of standard deviation whereas CV identified G6, G10, G17 genotypes. Non parametric measures S_i ^s selected G15, G13, G9 whereas non parametric composite measures selected G15, G13, G20, G16. Biplot analysis observed S_i ¹, S_i ², S_i ³, S_i ⁴, S_i ⁵, S_{i ⁶}, S_i ⁷, ASV, ASV1, MASV, MASV1 NP_i ⁽¹⁾, NP_i ⁽³⁾, NP_i ⁽⁴⁾ accounted more in first principal component whereas Mean of genotypic yield, Average of BLUP of genotypic yield, PC1, GM, HM , HMPRVG, PRVG, were major contributors for second principal component. AMMI based measures ASV, ASV1, MASV, MASV1 clustered with S_i ⁶, S_i ⁷ in first quadrant. Out of two, first comprised of IPC3, IPC6, IPC7 measures while next one consisted of BLUP based measures with mean yield and IPC1. Measures NP_i ⁽²⁾, NP_i ⁽³⁾, NP_i ⁽⁴⁾ formed a cluster with Stdev, CV as this cluster observed adjacent to cluster of MASV1, NP_i ⁽¹⁾, S_i ¹, S_i ⁴S_i ², S_i ⁵ in same quadrant.

At present, 121 million agricultural holdings are in India; out of these 99 million holdings are small and marginal (87%). Small holdings are not well suited to farm mechanization, coupled with poor economic condition of farming community and lack of resources; these factors are exclusively responsible for the slow growth of Indian Agricultural. Hence, there is immense need to develop area specific integrated farming system models to resolve multi-dimensional problems prevailing related to agriculture and allied sectors. Integrated farming systems approach is one of the most powerful tools for enhancing productivity, profitability, nutritional security, livelihood improvement, employment generation and sustainability of the farm households, particularly small and marginal farming communities, presently they have constituted more than 87% of the total farm households. In India, increasing population demands coupled with decreasing availability of farm resources resulted declining in productivity which warrants an immediate attention of researchers to tackle these problems and there is urgent need to reorient agriculture research programs from individualistic enterprise approach to need developed holistic approach of integrated farming system. The concept of integrated farming system research integrates various enterprises and resources (inputs) at the farm level into consideration for planning production of crops, selecting cropping systems and combining various enterprises to develop integrated farming systems having sustainable agriculture production systems. Similarly, inclusion of horticulture, dairy farming, bee keeping, fisheries, poultry farming, sheep and goat rearing, sericulture, mushroom cultivation under two or three tier system of integrated farming can give substantial additional high energy food without affecting production of food grains. Soil, water, climate, marketing, labour, transport and local demands are the main criteria to select the farming systems for any working place. Moreover, integrated farming system is a biologically integration system, which integrates mechanism into farming activities to achieve utmost replacement of off- farm inputs and sustain farm profits through decease of costs of production and augment productivity of the entire system towards vertical horizon. As regards to livelihood security, the IFS approach adopted in the model met almost all the homegrown family demands of cereals, pulses, oil, fruit, milk, meat, vegetables, and value-added products. Moreover, integrated farming systems also pave the needed socially acceptable, environmental hygiene and economically viable to large growing population of India. Therefore, now the need of develop an agro-ecology based integrated farming system which would augment soil health, ecological balance, employment generation and fertilizers cost reduction through recycled farmbased by-products. Further, most of the inputs being used in agriculture becoming costlier and go out of reaches to common man which results in farming becoming unviable and unsustainable enterprise particular to small and marginal households of India. Hence, it is clear that adoption of allied enterprises enhanced the net return sizably over the arable farming. Thus, whole farmingsystem approach is very constructive in solving the various problems of farmers in India.

Humanity is facing some major global challenges that are of immediate concern. Two of them are Pandemic and Deforestation. The connection between deforestation and a pandemic sounds strange or a bit far-fetched but unfortunately, these are linked together, in a very complex way. Deforestation refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, mining activities, monoculture, etc. Pandemics are outbreaks of infectious diseases that can cause morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruptions [1]. Urban ecology is study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment. Deforestation is the root cause of biodiversity loss which in turn leads to ecosystem disruption, i.e, it affects the ecosystem services. Evidence suggests that the pandemics have increased over the past century because of urbanization, changes in land use, exploitation of natural resources, and destruction of habitats. The rapid increase in population has resulted in speedy reforms in urban ecology, which has resulted in deforestation and habitat defragmentation and human encroachment into the forest.

The research work investigated the effect of macroeconomic variables on agricultural output in Nigeria. The study spanned from the period of 1995-2020, making it 26 observatory years. The agricultural output growth represented the explained variable while money supply, commercial bank loan on agriculture, exchange rate, interest rate, recurrent government expenditure on agriculture and inflation rate represented the explanatory variables which served as the selected macroeconomic variables under study. The stationary of the variables were checked using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The researcher went further to test for the long run relationship using the Johansen Co-integration technique. The OLS analysis was computed which shows that the model is statistically significance, judging with the p-value of the F-statistic. The analysis also presented that money supply, exchange rate and inflation have a positive relationship with agricultural output within the given period of study while commercial bank loan on agriculture, interest rate and recurrent government expenditure on agriculture have a negative link with the explained variable. Based on the findings, the researcher made its recommendation in the work.

Whenever we hear mushroom, we know that it is a spore bearing fruiting body of a fungus that generally grows on ground or on its food source. There are many kinds of mushroom that differ in their chemical components and vary from edible to poisonous mushroom. Typically, there is presence of a mushroom variety that has Psilocybin compound in it. They are found in both pileus(cap) and stipe(stem) of mushroom but mostly in pileus. These types of mushrooms are known as Psilocybin Mushroom or “Magic Mushrooms”.

The demand for energy and related services is rising in order to meet social and economic development and improve human welfare and health. Energy services are needed in any civilization to provide basic human requirements (such as lighting, cooking, space comfort, movement, and communication) as well as to support productive processes. Nigeria has a good forestry enabling environment, but it has to expand in scope, coverage, and efficiency to adequately serve other regions that have been disadvantaged by extensive deforestation and environmental degradation in their surroundings. The government will profit from pursuing well-articulated forestry policies programs that will greatly reduce the pressure on large cities and towns, as well as enhance the availability of cheap basic services, making life easier for citizens.

This work shows a study carried out in the upper area of the Chaschuil Valley in the South Ramsar Subsidy of the province of Catamarca for the identification of wetlands through the analysis of SRTM and LANDSAT images. Factors influencing the use of wetlands, such as size, fertile plains, water dynamics and associated vegetation, were considered. The image processing of the Landsat 8 satellite (PATH-ROW = 232-079) was carried out, as well as the sampling data of the January 2019 campaign. Base maps were generated and analysis of geographic information system (GIS) to classify water bodies. The results allowed us to better understand the relationship between the geomorphology of the basin and its water dynamics and allow us to advance in the study of wetlands of importance to the ecosystem of the region.

This study investigated the effect of two different methods, i.e. air-drying and freeze-drying, of preservation of elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) cultivated in Valdichiana, a traditional cultivation area of Tuscany, Italy, on its nutritional characteristics (i.e. soluble proteins. polyphenols, flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, starch, soluble sugars, allicin). The results showed that compared to the fresh product, the traditional method of air-drying causes significant reductions only in the total antioxidant power (-46%) and in the content of starch (-22%), while the modern method of freeze-drying negatively affects almost all the parameters investigated, overall by about 40%. The content of allicin is not changed by the preservation method. Although freeze-drying is considered one of the best methods for preserving plant-based food, attention should be paid to the effect of this process on the nutritional characteristics of the product.

Fish borne zoonotic trematodes (FZTs) affect millions of people worldwide especially in Asian countries and are of considerable economic importance because of their various degrees of morbidity and economic losses. They are normally transmitted to the definitive host by consumption of raw or improperly cooked fish harbouring viable metacercariae. The life cycle is complex which requires two intermediate hosts (snails & fish) and one definitive host (human). Interestingly, they can also complete their life cycle in the hosts other than the humans (reservoir hosts) which play a great role to maintain the infection in the environment. Diagnosis is mainly done by demonstration of eggs and adult parasites from infected definitive or reservoir host and recently, it is complemented by molecular techniques. These trematodes are mostly prevalent in the countries with traditional aquaculture practices. So, proper aquaculture practices should be followed and the production of parasite free fish for human consumption should be a key objective for the aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the global status, life cycle pattern, pathology, diagnosis and also some recommendations for prevention and control of the fish borne zoonoses.

The study was conducted in South Omo Zone Benatsemayworedachalikebele from 2019-2021 G.C in the title “Evaluation of different spacing and demonstration of Becium grandflorum /“Tebeb”/ bee forage in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia” with the objective of evaluate the effect of different spacing on canopy cover, plant height, branch number and flower number and adaptability of Becium grandflorumbee forage. Beciumg randflorum cutting laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications by four different spacing (2m, 2.5m, 3m and 3.5m). The record parameter results were plant height 1.11m, 0.99m, 1.24m and 1.27m with treatments 2m, 2.5m, 3m and 3.5m spacing respectively, number of branches per plant were 17.33, 13.33,20 and 21.66 with treatments respectively, canopy cover were 1.39m, 1.29m, 1.7m and 1.5m with treatments respectively and number of flowers per plant were 15567, 14043, 19753 and 20083 with treatments respectively were recorded. All parameters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, canopy cover and number of flowers per plant were not statistically significance (p<0.05). The highest flower number, branches per plant and plant height was recorded in treatment 3.5m whereas the lowest flower number, branch per plant, plant height and canopy cover was recorded in treatment 2.5m. However the recorded parameter results were not statistically significance treatment 3.5m and treatment 3m spacing were recommended for Becium grandflorum cutting plantation with sufficient soil moisture and good soil condition.

To achieve net zero emission by 2070, enter in to the hydrogen world is what India is looking for. Recently, the hydrogen production in India is from methane reforming. This produces significant carbon dioxide emissions. Though carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) can reduce such emissions but still in India it is in under developing stage. Mission of Indian government is to mitigate climate targets and making India a green hydrogen hub. The term “Green Hydrogen” is very famous now days in India. Here are some facts and future trends of India towards Green Hydrogen [1-5].

A change in global or regional climate pattern is called climate change. It is a global, serious and permanent threat to the whole world. In general, lack of rainfall, long summer, shorten winter, floods, droughts etc are occurring due to climate changes, these changes may be due to deforestation, increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), increase methane levels or increased water vapor levels. Similarly gases also enhance the level of climate change. When the sun rays fall on the earth, the earth reflect those rays back which keeps the earth temperature under control but if the average amount of the gas is too high, it will absorb the rays into the ground which causes the temperature to rise this is also called the green house effect. The Pakistan meteorological department released a report in 2019 in which they said that rainfall in august 2019 decreased by 47% as compared to august 2018. Overall the country has received 28% less rainfall and the only reason is said to be climate change.

The United Nations observes 22nd March as world water Day. Last year’s (2021) theme was ‘Valuing Water’. Can you imagine that water is priceless that is you can get it free almost without paying any price but without water, you can’t live? So, water has got a value that is different from the price we pay for other commodities like food, clothing, and housing and we call it the “USE VALUE”. Also, water is the most consumable material on the whole planet. Nature ensures that Water renews itself…. (saagram prathi gajjathi….manthra pushpam is about water being the essence of life). Sir. C.V. Raman has called it the Elixir of life. It is aptly said that water has No Colour, No Shape, No Place, But Still Very Important for Life……………!!!

A field experiment was carried out in Nubaria and Kafr El-Sheikh regions to predict the main piercing-sucking insects and their associated predators, the impact of certain weather factors on them, the partial correlation on these studies and the role of predators in the control of Bemsia tabaci were discussed in Egyptian soybean fields during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. Results showed the distribution of population density and frequency of occurrence for piercing-sucking insects that included (Bemisia tabaci Genn.; Aphis gossypii Glover; Nezara viridula L. and Empoasca app.) and predators that included (Chrysoperla carnea Steph.; Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Paederus alfierii, Orius sp. and True spiders) on soybean plants. The mean number of piercing-sucking insects and associated predators was less in Nubaria than Kafr El-Sheikh region and Empoasca app. disappeared in Nubaria region. The highest frequency of occurrence was Bemisia tabaci insect and Chrysoperla carnea predator during the study. The best time to implement the role of integrated pest management was in August, when the predator/B. tabaci ratio was highest. The partial correlation coefficient value was highly significant between temperature and B. tabaci and C. undecimpunctata in Nubaria while N. viridula and Empoasca in Kafr El-Sheikh during 2020 but 2021 season, it was highly significant with B. tabaci, A. gossypii, N. viridula, P. alfierii and Orius sp. in Nubaria whereas Ch. carnea and True spiders in Kafr El-Sheikh during 2021. Relative humidity was highly significant with Empoasca spp. and true spiders, in Kafr El-Sheikh during 2020 while wind speed was highly significant with B. tabaci in Kafr El-Sheikh during 2020 and with Nubaria during 2021. The role of the main insect predators in the control of piercing-sucking insects was highly significant between P. alfierii and N. viridula in Nubaria, while Kafr El-Sheikh was Ch. Carnea with B. tabaci and N. viridula, then C. undecimpunctata with A. gossypii and N. viridula and True spiders with B. tabaci, and N. viridula during 2020, next 2021 season, P. alfierii with B. tabaci in Nubaria region then Kafr El-Sheikh was Ch. Carnea and True spiders with B. tabaci, N. viridula and Empoasca spp. these means that there are another factors effect on the relationship between insects and predators population.

Research studies aimed at screening cowpea genotypes against Aphis craccivora K. commonly known as black aphids, under the no-choice infestation condition, were conducted in the greenhouse at Natural Resource Development College (NRDC), Lusaka, Zambia in 2021. The main objective was to discern the cowpea genotype that is resistant to Aphis craccivora K that would aid the reduction of yield losses encountered in cowpea production. The materials consisted of 21 cowpea genotypes advanced from the open field screening method. These 21 that were selected from an initial set of 110 genotypes exhibited the resistance trait during the open field screening method and thus were advanced to validate their resistance levels. The cowpea genotypes evaluated included 1 landrace variety, 2 mutation derived cultivated varieties, 15 advanced mutation derived varieties, and 3 pure line genotypes from IITA. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The variables collected were aphid score, aphid population build-up, plant vigour scores, and plant survival rate. Significant differences were seen among the genotypes for all the parameters considered in the investigation. The most resistant genotypes (BB10-4-2-3-2 and BBBT1-11) across all parameters investigated recorded an average aphid score of 1.0 and 1.68, respectively compared to LT11-3-3-12 which recorded the highest score of 7.0. The aphid population build-up of BB10-4-3-2 and BBBT1-11 was the lowest at 0.9 and 1.0 respectively compared to the highest recorded by LT11-5-1-1-4 at 3.54. The highest plant vigour of 3.0 was recorded by BB10-4-3-2, BBBT1-11 and LT11-5-1-1-4 and the lowest was recorded by Sanzi (1.2). Both BB10-4-3-2 and BBBT1-11 recorded a survival percentage of 100% at 21DAI compared to the lowest recorded by TVu 2027 (20%). Genotypes BB10-4-2-3-2 and BBBT1-11 could further be assessed for the possible presence of biochemical and traits, that could explain the basis of the observed differences among the genotypes in their reaction to Aphis craccivora K. Besides, BB10-4-2-3-2 and BBBT1-11 can also be incorporated in the breeding program with the target of breeding cowpea varieties that are resistant to aphid infestation. Furthermore, BB10-4-2-3-2 and BBBT1-11 may be released to address the yield losses experienced in cowpea production as a result of A. craccivora K.

The current study aims to assess the impacts of improper use and conduct of antibiotics on environmental sustainability as well as human health and the community perceptions in KSA towards such issues adopting the Eastern province as a case study. The study involved a sample of 325 individuals that were randomly selected and surveyed from the community of the province. They questionnaires were explicitly designed on basis of direct contact and interviews. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software program following proper statistical formats. The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents were unprivileged in their perceptions to proper use and conduct of antibiotics, knowledge about use guidelines, and the negative impact of antibiotic misuses and misconducts on environment, with a high correlation value (r2=0.872). Thus, there are sincere needs to a strategy to improve their concepts towards such aspects. The proposed strategy ought to involve extensive extension programs and setting and implementing legislations to regulate handling processes of antibiotics in the country. Success of these legislations however requires full collaboration between all related sectors. It is therefore conceived that these findings are valuable to sustain the environment in the KSA in line with the national 2030 strategy.

The potential effects of using organic agro-waste as bioremediation material for the detoxification of crude oil contaminated soil from Agip crude oil spill sites at Abecheke Ohaji-Egbema local government area of Imo state was carried out. Cassava and Plantain peels were used by either addition of Cow dung, Poultry droppings or Pig slurry as inoculants. The blending ratio for the samples are A (Soil 2kg, Cassava 3kg, Pig slurry 0.5kg), B (Soil 1.5kg, Cassava 1.5kg, Poultry droppings 0.5kg) C (Soil 1.5kg, Cassava 3kg, Cow dung 0.5kg), D (Soil 2kg, Plantain 3kg, Pig slurry 0.5kg) and sample E (Untreated contaminated sample) which served as control. The samples were isolated into four different zip lock nylon and left for 90 days after which the samples were analyzed for some selected physico-chemical properties. The total hydrocarbon content of the samples reduced from 3657mg/kg in the untreated soil sample to 1282mg/kg in the decreasing order of (E>D>C>B>A) due to the metabolic activities of living organisms involved in the biodegradation process. The mineralization activities of the biodegradation organism improved the pH, nitrogen, moisture and organic carbon content of the treated samples. Electrical conductivity, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium were reduced due to their utilization by living organisms. The percentage of sand, silt and clay remained the same across all the samples except for percentage of sand in samples B and C that was slightly reduced while the percentage of clay and silt in sample B witnessed slight increment, the texture remained constant across board. Higher level of crude oil biodegradation occurred in cassava peels and pig slurry blend, therefore the use cassava peels mixed with other agro-waste should be encouraged as bioremediation agent of crude oil polluted sites.

Anaerobic digestion of degradable material yields biogas used as fuel and bio-slurry widely employed as organic fertilizer as well as chicken and fish supplements. The bio-slurry is rich in microbes which makes it applicable in the bio-remediation of persistent pollutants in soil. In the current research work, the bacterial forming unit was determined using the standard plate method at microbiology laboratory, University of Nairobi after-which the microbes in biogas bio-slurry was applied in microbial fuel cells bio-remediation of lambda cyhalothrin, malathion and chlorpyrifos. The bio-slurry was doped with 10 mL 10 ppm pesticide solution and subjected to voltage generation via a H-shaped dual chamber microbial fuel cell for a 90 days’ retention period. Daily voltage and current were recorded using a multi-meter while pesticide levels were determined using GC-MS after QuEChERS method extraction. The microbial counts result showed a 3.15±0.01 * 10¹⁰ CFU/ml from the biogas bio-slurry sample. The observed maximum voltage in bio-slurry was 0.568 V in day 28 while the maximum generated voltage on doping the biogas bio-slurry with the chlorpyrifos, lambda cyhalothrin, malathion and the pesticides mix (CLM) were 0.551, 0.565, 0.538 and 0.533 V respectively. The bio-degradation levels achieved were 73.40% malathion, 87.70% chlorpyrifos while no lambda cyhalothrin was detected on the 90^th day of incubation.

The challenges of the global economy are increased between the repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic, and an unprecedented inflationary wave that intensified in the wake of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis. The continuous of this war raises fears of an outbreak of a food crisis in several Arab countries, which depended for their imports of grain - especially wheat - on Russia and Ukraine; Due to the low prices in these two countries. Consequently, these countries turn to other countries to import these crops, such as: the United States or Canada and also the countries of Latin America, which leads to raising their prices, due to the distance, especially since the price of oil is high, which is reflected in the cost of transporting goods between countries. The end of food security for Arab countries.

This literature review aims to analyse the latest research in phytohormones (specifically salicylic acid (SA)) and their application for managing biotrophic pathogens as a safe and economical alternative to synthetic fungicides in an agricultural context. It was found that salicylic acid does induce significant protection from fungal pathogens, particularly when combined with Bacillus subtilis.

The autumn armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a fall armyworm moth species identified by its larval stage. It belongs to the Lepidoptera order. The term army worm may refer to a wide range of species, although it’s most usually used to characterise the larval stage’s widespread intrusive habit. It’s classified as a pest because it can hurt or destroy a wide range of crops, causing severe financial losses. The fall armyworm, which is a member of the Lepidoptera order and the Noctuidae family, is more common at different periods of the year than the standard armyworm. The armyworm’s principal feeding sources are grasses and field crops like maize, although it has been observed eating over 80 other plants, 50 of which are non-economic and 30 of which are economically valuable.

Research has been carried out to determine the potential milling properties of grinding lots of durum wheat grain of 4 operating large milling enterprises. The grinding of the initial samples was carried out according to a developed technological scheme with the inclusion of 6 torn, 2 sieve and 3 grinding systems, as well as a grinding system. According to the results of the research, it can be established that out of the four submitted samples of grinding parties of operating flour mills for processing grain of durum wheat, the sample from the Oryol region has the best flour-grinding properties, in which the total yield of flour for pasta was 83.8%, including ... 63.2% of the highest grade flour 20.6% of the second grade flour and 16.2% of bran. The modes of extraction of intermediate products of processing of grinding lots of durum wheat were: on the first torn system 19.5-26.2%, on the second torn system - 50.0-58.9% and on the third torn system - 40.3-52, eight%.
The largest yield of large-scale products and flour of the 2nd grade was obtained from the grinding batch of durum wheat grain of the flour mill located in the Oryol region, which amounted to 80.7%, and the smallest - from the flour mill located in the Moscow region, which amounted to 71.1%.

The study analyzed the effects of “Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) Program” on the technical efficiency of maize farmers in the Techiman North Municipality of Ghana. The study randomly selected 400 maize farmers to construct a three-year recall panel for 2017, 2018 and 2019 farming seasons. Both closed and open-ended questionnaires were used to elicit information from the respondents. The results from the inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) model signify that the PFJ program had a statistically significant positive effect on technical efficiency of maize farmers in the Techiman North Municipality. The study therefore, recommends that the PFJ program should be intensified as it improves technical efficiency of maize farmers in the Techiman North Municipality of Ghana. Again, restructuring of the national buffer stock company and the school feeding program will be a far better alternative in providing ready market to the farmers which helps reduces post-harvest losses.

Fish farming in general and fish spawning activities in particular depend on the size and quality of the productive inputs for these activities, and the impact of those inputs on the quantity of fish seed production in these hatcheries, Therefore, the research aimed in general to study the most important economic factors affecting the spawning activities of Nile tilapia fish in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, By estimating the economic efficiency of hatcheries, Estimating and analyzing the items of production costs and determining their importance, And the research has an applied importance in guiding its results in raising the efficiency levels of using production inputs in hatcheries for the production of Nile tilapia fish, And the consequent increase in the production capacity of hatcheries in general.
     In achieving its objectives, the research relied on both the descriptive and quantitative methods of analysis in the interpretation and analysis of the economic variables under study, The research also relied on secondary data from the General Authority for Fish Resources Development, And primary data were collected from a sample of 30 fish hatcheries during 2021 in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.

It is said that water we use in daily life insists on several molecules connected with hydrogen bonding. However, the quantum dynamics of water after hydrogen-bond dissociation has not been researched so far, although there are many a study of water relating to bonding with its other chemical compounds. We focus on the hydrogen bond-dissociated water supposed to possess elementary particle-like matter after high pressure of approximately 100 MPa to water. The matter in the water is described as , in which the proton and the electron exist neither separately nor forming hydrogen, and we call the quantum state the extended particle. Moreover, the particle exists for a long period stably. Here we wish to associate the macroscopic phenomena of water we usually encounter with the microscopic nature due to the function of the particle. The motivation of the research is essential to understand water from an idea of the particle. Furthermore, here, we wish to associate the usual macroscopic phenomena of water with the microscopic nature due to the function of the particle so that we can control to keep the water clean in an environment as another motivation. Furthermore, the reduction of radioactive cesium to change a stable barium atom was persuaded by taking into consideration the particle which enters into the radioactive substance. This is a breakthrough in the nuclear reaction without a huge energy outside. We discussed the mechanism of radiation reduction from a radioactive substance.

Major environmental issues in India are the degradation of forests and agricultural land depletion of resources such as water, mineral, sand, and rocks. Similarly, rapid burning of fuel and biomass are the major sources of pollution in India. Lack of organized services like waste removal, poor waste management, air & water pollution are most highlighted environmental issues which India is facing today. On the other hand, Population growth of India enhances these issues.

Women are half of the population of the Pakistan and 41 % women are engaged in agriculture farming sectors in different aspects. As it is cleared that Pakistan is an agriculture country, and the numerous part of the country is living in rural area which depends directly or indirectly on agriculture production system for their livelihood. In Pakistan mostly women are engaged in Agriculture and performing different duties in farm management, farm operations, farm maintenance and crop production systems regularly and successfully, but they are still facing a lot of problems in the agriculture management systems. This paper has focused with objective on the problems of women in Agriculture production system in Pakistan. The discussion may help the policy makers of women rights and regulations.

The article presents the current situation of production and export of mineral and fresh water, the challenges of developing new markets, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on sales, the export policy of mineral and fresh water in Georgia. The article states that finding new markets is quite difficult. The competition in the world is great and Georgian entrepreneurs are struggling to explore new markets. It is necessary to take into account the specifics of the regulations and requirements of potential partner countries. With the right strategy, quite a lot of revenue can be generated by the water business.
Keywords: Mineral waters; Freshwater; Covid-19; Export policy; Water regulations

In recent decades, agriculture has undergone intensification and diversification processes to improve productivity, the economic income and to face the climate variability. However, concerns about environmental problems associated with agricultural practices are increasing. In this way, effects such as soil erosion, changes in soil carbon stock, fertility losses, eutrophication and aquatic-biotic integrity degradation have been reported. Although several methodological frameworks have been developed to assess the environmental performance of farms and to support the decision-making process, these frameworks normally rely on indicators that measure a particular characteristic of an agricultural system. The aim of this work was to propose an integrated index considering (a) sequence diversification, the area occupied by crops in winter and summer, and the participation percentage of each crop and (b) two weighting factors to reflect the differential contributions of cropping sequences to environmental performance. The study was carried out between 2008 and 2020 in a commercial farm in northwest Uruguay with cropping sequences that included rice, soybean, corn, sorghum and pastures. Our results show that the proposed index is suitable for assessing the intensification degree and allowing the selection of agricultural sequences that present the highest environmental performance. The optimal spatial scale for applying the index is on farms no larger than 1000 hectares; this threshold includes approximately 90% of Uruguayan farms. Due to the similar physical characteristics, weather conditions and management practices in farms in southern Brazil and central-eastern Argentina, the index is suitable for applications in these regions as well.
Keywords: Weighted intensification index; Sustainable agriculture; Agricultural intensification; Crop diversification 

Two field experiments were carried out at two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019 to study the direct effect of biochar, compost and bio-fertilizer (N fixing bacteria as Rhizobium leguminosarum for pea or azotobacter for sweet pepper and phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms as phosphoren) under three rates from the recommended mineral fertilizer and their interaction on pea plants (Pisum sativium) cv. Entsar 1 as first experiment and the residual influence of the previous fertilizers on sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. California wonder which was planted as second experiment crop. The results according to pea plants gave the best growth attributes, yield and its components were registered by the treatment of biochar with compost and fertilizer. Regarding to the residual influence of biochar, compost and bio-fertilizer led to high values on growth, yield and its characters of sweet pepper fruits in both growing seasons.
Keywords: residual effect; biochar; bio-fertilizers; compost; mineral fertilizer

Research studies aimed at screening cowpea genotypes against Callosobruchus maculatus commonly known as a bruchid, under the no-choice infestation condition, were conducted at the Department of Plant Science, University of Zambia in Lusaka, Zambia during 2021 on 110 cowpea genotypes. The cowpea genotypes evaluated included 3 parental lines, 97 mutant lines, and 10 pure lines in order to discern the tolerant cowpea genotype against Callosobruchus maculatus that would aid the reduction of storage losses encountered in cowpea production. Parameters measured included., number of eggs laid per 100 seeds, adult emergence per cent, developmental period, growth index, per cent infestation, weight loss per cent, and frass produced. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the parameters considered in the investigation. The most tolerant genotype BBBT1-11 across all parameters investigated, recorded 13.01 no. of eggs/100 seed compared to MS1-8-2-6-9-1 with 128.67 eggs/100 seeds. The adult emergence of BBBT1-11 was at 12.72% compared to the highest LTBT1-5 at 88.11%. BBBT1-11 also recorded the lowest growth index of 0.42 and frass produced of 0.23g compared to the highest growth index record of 4.19 in BB10-4-2-3-3 and the highest frass produced of 5.41g recorded in MS1-8-2-6-9-1. BBBT1-11 could be further assessed for the possible presence of bio chemical and genetic parameters, that could explain the basis of the observed differences among the genotypes in their reaction to Callosobruchus maculatus. Besides, BBBT1-11 can also be incorporated in the breeding program with the target of breeding cowpea varieties that are tolerant to bruchid infestation. Furthermore, BBBT1-11 may be released so as to address the storage losses experienced at postharvest in cowpea production.
Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus; bruchid; tolerance

In microeconomics, the costs of intensive livestock farming are studied in the short and long term, just like any normal production costs, and they are represented by means of an envelope curve, but this approach is unable to illustrate them all. Nowadays, we speak of the “hidden” and/or social costs as well. The former are only hidden to those who prefer not to see them, and the latter contribute to the concept of economic costs. This wider view of the problem of production costs needs to be graphically represented, so here we propose a revised version of the envelope curve that succeeds in revealing all the costs of intensive livestock farming. The outcome is an L-shaped curve instead of a U-shaped one.

This study examined the carbon bioaccumulation capacities of Achalla and MamuRiver Forest reserves in Anambra State as influenced by land use types. Profile pits measuring 0.60m×0.60m×0.60m were constructed in the residential, deforested, taungya and non-impacted land use areas within each forest reserve. Soil samples were collected from the depths of 0-20cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60cm and analyzed for physico-chemical properties -particle size, porosity, organic matter and carbon, cation exchange capacity, pH, total nitrogen. Data collected were subjected to T-test to compare the carbon bioaccumulated in the two forest reserves while ANOVA was used to ascertain the influence of different land use types and significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at 5% level of probability. The result showed that there was no significant difference in carbon accumulation in the forest reserves with Mamu (1.213±0.185)?Achalla (0.797±0.103). There was also no significant difference (p > 0.05) within and between land use types in different forest reserve with respect to soil physico-chemical properties in MamuRiver Forest reserve except in Achalla forest reserve on the pH-H2O (p < 0.05) with the pH as residential < deforested < taungya < non-impacted LUTsin the non–impacted land use types. This revealed that the non–impacted area have the highest organic matter content that potentially facilitated carbon bioaccumulation for climate change mitigation in Anambra State and suggest the need to restrict exploitation, expansion of residential and taungya lands as check to improve carbon sink in the forest reserves.
Keywords: Forest reserves; land use types; organic matter; carbon; pH range

Two years since the COVID-19 pandemic began to sweep the earth, life remains upended, classrooms have sat empty, and families have struggled through health and financial crisis. The pandemic has envisioned the need for a strong foundation of emergency health preparedness to overcome such urgent health impacts of anthropogenic influences on our ecosystem, which emerges in the form of such deadly pandemics. COVID-19, a respiratory infectious disease, originated in China, then spread rapidly to other places of the world to take the shape of a pandemic. Early studies had shown that being in close proximity to anyone who has the disease, increases the risk of infection. The transmission occurs via direct and indirect modes. Direct transmission occurs through SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosol in the form of droplet infection and the indirect mode; it is transferred by surface contact in the immediate environment of an infected patient.

He is from a family of four, three male and one female. Mr. Obuza G.E Kingdom, is the last born of his parent’s and also the first graduate among four children. He hailed from Tombia Community, Ekpetiama Clan, Yenagoa Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Aim of this research is to reduce the salinity stress on plants by synthesizing the materials that helps to improve the crop yield without harming the crop. This can be made possible using NPK loaded chitosan ZnO nanoparticles (Chitosan Bionanocomposite). Chitosan, the natural carbohydrate obtained from shrimp shell waste after deacetylation of chitin by using marine bacterial isolates. Nanoparticles have high surface area and release the fertilizer slowly into the soil and makes NPK available to plants. Five marine isolates were obtained with positive deacetylase activity, used for chitosan synthesis. Bionanocomposite of each isolate was used for pot assay. Bionanocompositeobtained from IS1 was found to be efficient in enhancing the plant growth parameters. It shows 20% increase in germination percentage, 25% seed vigor index and significant increase in root and shoot length. Hence, it is concluded that the bionanocomposite can be prepared from cheapest sources and benefits the farmers for improving crop yield under stress conditions. Thus instead of using chemical fertilizer and or any biodegradable materials, bionanocomposites will be potential approach to sustain healthy agricultural practices.
Keywords: Salt stress; NPK bionanocomposite; Seed vigor index

Noise Pollution has become a serious health issue nowadays and emerging as a serious pollutant. This study is carried out in three semiurban towns to evaluate the impact of noise pollution in these areas. A total of 69 locations are selected in Asansol, Bankura, and Midnapore town including the Silent, Residential, Commercial, and Industrial zone. Since the noise level varies with atmospheric conditions, hence the study is divided into premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. L1, L5, L10, L50, L90, L95, L99, Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq), Noise climate (NC), Noise pollution level (Lnp), and Noise traffic Index (TNI) were computed for evaluating the intensity of noise pollution. The result reveals that the equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) is much higher than the standards in all locations of the silent zones. Noise pollution level (Lnp) and Noise traffic Index (TNI) are also computed high in commercial and heavy traffic zones. The Noise climate (NC) value shows not much variation in noise intensity with pre-post and monsoon climates. This is a pioneer study on noise quality evaluation in these locations. This study will further help in preparing future management plans to combat noise pollution in these areas. 
Keywords: Noise pollution; Equivalent noise level (Leq); Traffic noise; L99;L90;Noise climate (NC); Noise traffic Index (TNI); Noise pollution level (Lnp)