Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the healthcare sector, including dental care services. Dental clinics have faced significant disruptions, including reduced patient flow, financial constraints, and implementation of new infection control protocols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Aim: Study to understand how COVID -19 Pandemic outbreak effected the selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Objectives: The study has been enumerated in two objectives, and these are (1) To study dental working conditions in dental clinics. (2) To study the clinical guidelines recommended by Dental Council of India for dental professionals. (3) To study the challenges faced by dentists while resuming dental clinics.
Methodology: An observational and retrospective analytical approach was employed, combining both observational and questionnaire methods. Data regarding the primary and secondary sources were collected. Primary data were collected from structured questionnaires with 50 dental professionals, whereas the secondary data were derived from literature pertinent to the area of study. This research has been conducted using a Purposive and Convenient techniques over a period of 3-4 months.
Result: the findings indicates that covid 19 pandemic profoundly impacted dental clinics, highlighting the need for robust infection control measures, flexible operational strategies, and resilient supply chains. By adopting comprehensive guidelines, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring clear communication, dental clinics can better navigate future health crisis and maintain patient trust and safety.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted dental clinics in Bangalore, affecting patient appointment, storage of equipment, decrease in patient appointments, economic strain, assurance of patient safety, lack of training and education programme for staff safety. The study highlights the need for dental clinics to adapt to the new technologies prioritizing staff safety, infection control measures and assurance to the patient on safety to ensure sustained delivery of dental care services.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; dental clinics; aerosol; patient volume; economic strain; staff safety; infection control measures

Aging is a natural process that brings physical, psychological, and social changes, often increasing vulnerability to illness and leading to frequent hospital visits (Leung S et al., 2011). With years of medical expertise, healthcare professionals play a vital role in managing the aging population. According to the National Health Policy, India's life expectancy is 68.7 years—67.4 years for males and 70.2 years for females. As life expectancy increases, the risk of morbidity also rises (Ibrahim R et al., 2013). Therefore, it is crucial to assess the attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward elderly care and promote awareness (Yen CH et al., 2009). Introducing necessary changes in medical education can cultivate a positive attitude, greater empathy, and enhanced knowledge in geriatric healthcare.

The drugs that are used for pleasure or other than medical purposes are known as recreational drugs. The users of recreational drugs are well-integrated and can come from any socioeconomic background. Weekend parties often involve the use of illegal drugs to reduce stress, escape daily routines, and enhance dancing abilities.

Agricultural innovations in rural India plays a crucial role in the wellbeing of huge populated country like India. Further sustainable development enhance the quality of life in rural Indian Villages as Mahatma Gandhi quote that villages are life lines of rural India. More than sixty five percent people’s lives in rural India. Enhancing agricultural innovation in rural India is essential for achieving sustainable development. This involves leveraging technology, fostering research, improving infrastructure, and creating supportive policies. Here's a comprehensive approach to enhancing agricultural innovation in rural India: Modern Farming Techniques: Introducing modern farming techniques, such as precision farming, organic farming, and sustainable practices. Modern farming techniques play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, sustainability, and profitability in rural India.

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are quasi one-dimensional narrow strips of graphene comprised of sp²-hybridized carbon atoms arranged into hexagonal honeycomb lattice configurations. GNRs possess high mobility and current-carrying capability, sizeable bandgap and versatile electronic properties, which make them promising candidates for quantum electronic applications. The high aspect ratio, abundant edges, conductivity, and propensity for functionalization make GNRs an attractive material that draws interest from a wide range of fields, including chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. GNRs have already found use in various applications such as sensors, conductive films, polymer composites, batteries, energy-conversion/storage devices, bioimaging, DNA sequencing, and neurophysiological recovery. With the advancements in the preparation technology of GNRs, GNRs with different structures have been prepared and studied. Results reveal that GNRs have good photoelectric characteristics, providing them broad application prospects in quantum computing and dissipative microelectronic devices.

World Health Organization defines diarrhea as “the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual”. Diarrhea is a form of gastrointestinal infection caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms or through contaminated food or drinking water, or from person to person as a result of poor hygienic practices. It remains a major cause of mortality among under-age children (mostly under 5years) around the world, especially in developing world. Diarrheal disease is the third leading cause of infant and child mortality in developing countries and about 1.8 million children die per annum from this disease [1]. The number of diarrheal deaths is ridiculously on the high side despite a fall in childhood diarrheal diseases from 4.6 million to 0.8 million over the last three decades [2]. Diarrhea is a leading killer of children, accounting approximately 9% of all death among children under age 5 worldwide in 2019. This translates to over 1,300 young children dying each day, or about 484,000 children a year, despite the availability of a simple treatment. According to UNICEF [3], the death caused by diarrhea among children under-5 are highest in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the percentage death caused by diarrhea in children was 16%. The overall prevalence of diarrhea as of 2021 was 12.9% [4]. In 2023, according to World Health Organization, diarrhea disease death in Nigeria among children reached 144,724 or 9.77% of total death [5].

As we usher in the new year with the first issue of 2024, it is my pleasure to contribute to the discourse within the esteemed pages of Medicon Dental Sciences. This editorial aims to shed light on the transformative landscape of dentistry, particularly the paradigm shift brought about by advancements in minimally invasive dentistry (MID).

Traditionally, dental interventions often involved invasive procedures, causing discomfort and anxiety among patients. However, the field has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, emphasizing a more patient-centered and conservative approach.

To live a healthy life style and be free from diseases, fruits must be incorporated in one’s daily food. Fruits are of high nutritional value and provide the body with the required daily allowance. They are highly perishable, but can be made into different products to make them available all year round. They can be processed into products which includes; fruit juice, jellies, marmalades, candies, fruit bars and jams. This study analyses jam produced using date powder and compared it with commercial jam produced using table sugar. The percentage compositions of the blends considered were 50%:50%; 70%:30%; 30%:70% of orange and apple pulps respectively with constant amount of date powder (50%). In addition to the pulp blends, 2.9% commercial pectin was added together with citric acid, and date powder. The entire mixture was heated at 120°C for 25 mins to enhance the viscosity of the blends. Proximate, microbial, physico-chemical analyses, sensory evaluation and Vitamin constituents of the experimental samples and the commercial jam were evaluated. The commercial jam was found best having higher scores in all the sensory parameters. However, in respect to proximate composition, the experimental samples had the highest in protein, ash, moisture, and fibre while the commercial jam only scored high in fat, carbohydrate. In respect to microbial count minimum fungal and bacterial growth, 1.00 cfu X 103 g-1 and 1.00 cfu X 105 g-1 respectively were recorded in the experimental samples at 3 weeks after production. The control sample had the highest value in vitamin A content (130.35mg/100g) and the least in vitamin C content (1.64mg/100g).The nutritional analysis and sensory evaluation obtained proved that the orange and apple jam samples made with date powder is a promising functional product which can be consumed by both young and adults.
Keywords: Orange; Apple; Date; Jam; Composite; Nutritional properties; Sensory analysis

Gene therapy is a fantastic new technology that has opened up a plethora of options to treat or prevent previously untreatable diseases. Gene therapy is the use of nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) is used to  manipulate the genetic information of a patient’s cells. This is particularly helpful for diseases like Cystic Fibrosis where the ability to add a gene that makes the protein product the patient lacks or to just the gene itself is ideal. The addition of CRISPR-Cas for easier and more streamlined gene editing has also been a boon. However, the unfortunate truth is that despite decades of research, only a few gene therapies have made it to market. One of those reasons is the problems with carriers of gene therapy. For over three decades viral vectors were considered the go to for gene therapy carriers however they aggravate the immune system and can cause unwanted genotoxicity. This compromises their usefulness as a therapeutic treatment or preventative. So other methods of gene therapy carriers have been considered. Nanotech deliverers such as exosomes, gold nanoparticles, and others have shown great promise of being able to transport gene therapy with mitigated or no toxicity to the patient. This review will briefly go over both viral vector and nanotech non-viral vector alternatives to delivery of gene therapy.
Keywords: Gene therapy; nanotechnology; gene delivery; CRISPR; exosomes; viruses; magnetosomes

Transdermal drug delivery refers to the drug administration route through the skin that achieves the local or systemic treatment approved for clinical use. It is the third-largest drug delivery system after oral administration and injection. The advantages of the transdermal route are that the administration route of the drug is convenient and could reduce the fluctuation of blood drug concentration and toxic side effects. What is more, the drug could bypass the first-pass side-effect of the liver to prevent the drug from being destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Invasomes are new modified liposomes that differ from the liposomal vesicles in that they contain essential volatile oils, which are called terpenes. Also, ethanol in a low percentage is present in the vesicle either in the phospholipid layer or in the hydrous core. These modified newly discovered vesicles are intended to be used for topical and transdermal drug delivery due to their permeation effect and high deformability as compared to transferosomes.
Keywords: Invasomes; Transdermal drug delivery; phospholipids; terpenes; deformable vesicles

Design and use of enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the new and effective ways to control viruses and treat viral infections, Enzyme inhibitors inactivate these enzymes by binding to the nucleotides functional groups of the virus vital enzymes, thus can directly disrupt the virus replication cycle and indirectly prevent the spread of viral infections by reducing and controlling the population and number of viruses, these inhibitors, on the one hand, inhibit the virus by filling and Occupying the active sites of the enzyme and on the other hand, they change the stereochemistry of the enzyme by binding to the structure of the enzyme, for this reasons, they are used as an effective and complementary drug in the treatment of infections and viral diseases. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus because it has the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a class of Antiretroviral HIV drugs. Non- ucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) block HIV reverse transcriptase enzymes by connecting to it. Tetrazole derivatives have strong antiviral activity against efavirenz and nevirapine-resistance viruses that have different genetic mutations. In this research, we study NNRTIs function and overview synthesis of 5-aryloxy- etrazole derivatives in the development path of NNRTIs.
Keywords: Anti-HIV Drugs; NNRTIs; Tetrazole; HAART; Retrovirus; Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme 

Therapeutic bioengineering is a rapidly growing discipline in medical science that combines biology and medicine with engineering principles to create products and methods that can tackle the widest range of a variety of medical and health-related issues in today’s society