Medicon Publications

Data/statistical literacy is required for informed participation and better decision making in a literate society, and learning a data analysis tool may enhance the learning of statistical concepts. R and Python are well-known platforms for data analysis but are also difficult to learn even though they may be synergistic. Here, we present SiPy (Statistics in Python) as a data analysis tool built using Python and integrates analysis from R, and extensible using plug-ins. We will describe the architecture of the current version of SiPy, SiPy 0.6.0 codenamed “Otoro-Chutoro Continuum”, with a listing of the 60 available analytical functions across 8 function classes. This is followed by an elaboration of SiPy plugin system where end-users can add functions as plugins, before ending with a description of SiPy’s scripting system catering to modular scripting.
Keywords: Data analysis software; Statistical analysis software; Python; R; Plugin; Scripting

With the head pointing forward, a stimulus such as a dot appears directly in front with gaze by right eye (the left eye closed) directed towards the front. The visual acuity is maximal.
When the direction of gaze is shifted to the right by about 10 degrees, two phenomena occur. First the dot shifts to the left of front, the direction of foveal gaze being towards front and second there is a decrease in the visual acuity at the region of the dot. This shows that there is a recalibration of retinal coordinates, the direction of foveal gaze 10 degrees to the right being taken as front and the region of the dot earlier in the front, now 10 degrees to the left taken as periphery.

Objective: To study the clinical and hemodynamic aspects of treatment of patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities with severe concomitant diseases.
Material and methods of research: The study was carried out in 48 patients with LLI (III-IV stage of ischemia according to the Fontaine-Pokrovsky classification). Men - 30, women - 18. The etiological factor for the development of CLI in 34 (70.8%) patients was obliterating atherosclerosis, in 14 (29.2%) patients – thromboangiitis obliterans. In 16 (33.3%) patients, critical ischemia of the III degree was diagnosed, in 32 (66.7%) patients - in the IV degree. To diagnose and assess the effectiveness of treatment, a clinical study, rheovasography, Doppler ultrasound, multispiral computer-tomographic angiography were carried out, oxygen saturation of the skin, indicators of regional arterial and venous blood flow were studied. Outcomes: During their stay in the clinic, patients with stage IV chronic ischemia underwent minor amputations in 24 (75%) patients, in 8 (25%) – major amputations, in 40 (83.3%) patients out of the total number of examined patients retained the supporting function of the limb. In the remote period, within 6 months. Up to 5 years of age, 36 (83.7%) patients were re-hospitalized, 10 (23.3%) patients underwent minor amputations, 22 (51.2%) had major amputations, and 21 (48.6%) patients out of 43 re-examined patients retained the supporting function of the limb. У In 48 examined patients, upon admission to the clinic, in comparison with the "reference" group, a significant (p>0.001) deterioration of the indicators of RI, SSO, LVBF, RSP standing and lying, POVP standing and lying, VAI standing and lying down, RSPG, POVPG was revealed. After treatment, there was an insignificant (p>0.05) positive trend. After 3-4 months. after discharge from the hospital, in comparison with the initial data, only the indicators of RI, SOO, LVBF and standing VAI significantly improved (p<0.05). Conclusion: Traditional conservative and surgical treatment of patients with CILE with severe concomitant diseases is not significantly (p>0.05) and stimulates regional circulation. In the near future, the support function was retained in 83.7%. In the remote period, within 6 months. 83.7% of patients under 5 years of age were re-hospitalized, the support function was preserved in 48.6% of patients.
Keywords: arterial obliterating disease; critical ischemia of the lower extremities; concomitant diseases; peripheral circulation; conservative treatment

Cerebrovascular disease involves brain tissue damage due to impaired intracranial blood flow, often presenting as an acute but nonfatal event with high rates of morbidity, disability, and mortality. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that utilizes the Doppler effect to assess hemodynamic parameters in major intracranial arteries. Unlike other imaging methods, TCD provides unique insights into blood flow dynamics, offering valuable data such as blood flow velocity and pulsatility index. These parameters help identify the type of cerebrovascular disease and assist physicians in clinical decision-making.
Artificial intelligence (AI), a field of computer science, has seen widespread adoption across domains like agriculture, finance, communications, and increasingly in medicine. Recent research has focused on integrating AI into TCD ultrasonography to enhance diagnostic capabilities. Summarizing and reviewing advancements in this area is essential for guiding future studies and accelerating progress.
This paper outlines the evolution, principles, and clinical applications of TCD ultrasonography, along with an overview of AI’s role in medical and emergency care. It then highlights specific AI-driven advancements in TCD, including the development of a diagnostic system that integrates brain-computer interfaces (BCI) with TCD, AI-based classification and noise reduction in TCD signal processing, and the deployment of intelligent robotic systems to assist clinicians. These innovations aim to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the future prospects of AI-enhanced TCD ultrasonography, emphasizing its potential to transform cerebrovascular disease diagnosis and management.
Keywords: Transcranial doppler; cerebrovascular diseases; artificial intelligence

Technology breakthroughs, multidisciplinary teamwork, and an increasing focus on patient-centred treatment are all contributing to the fast development of the contemporary healthcare industry. The results of current clinical research are combined in this review to examine important developments in healthcare management, such as team-based care, digital health integration, workflow optimisation, sustainability, and ethical frameworks. Care delivery is becoming more efficient because to technological technologies like electronic health records and artificial intelligence, while interdisciplinary training and organised team models improve clinical coordination and lower mistakes. Additionally, morally sound methods and greater community involvement are assisting in the development of responsive and equitable healthcare systems. In order to create healthcare delivery that is inclusive, efficient, and prepared for the future, this combination of modern methodologies and operational methods provides insights into the development of clinical practices.
Keywords: Healthcare Management; Digital Health; Workflow Optimization; Interdisciplinary Collaboration; Patient-Centred Care; Clinical Innovation

Being a mathematician I would like to highlight the relation between Mathematics and medical science.

In medical science, mathematics is essential and makes a substantial contribution to many fields, such as:

1. Biomechanics: studying the mechanical aspects of living systems, such as blood flow and joint movement.
2. Data analysis: Statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms help interpret complex medical data, identifying patterns and trends.
3. Personalized medicine: Mathematical techniques, like genomics and precision medicine, tailor treatments to individual patients.
   1. Pharmacokinetics: Mathematical models describe how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body.a

As soil mapping is an essential tool for sustainable agriculture, the aim of this study was to draw up maps of the different soil classes, taking morphopedology into account, with view to precise management of amendments and fertilizers in sugarcane cultivation, at the Borotou-Koro integrated agricultural unit. To this end, descriptive field and analytical laboratory data from 249 soil profiles were grouped into cartographic units and geostatistically processed using Geographic Information System software (Qgis). A total of five major soil classes were identified, namely Cambisols (74.8%), Gleysols (17.8%), Arenosols (6.5%), Plinthosols (1.4%) and Leptosols (0.6%). With regard to the nutritional standards of sugarcane cultivation, the analytical results indicate that all these soils are capable of meeting the demand for carbon, at very high levels (> 50 g.kg^-1). For the other parameters, they showed partial levels of satisfaction. Phosphorus demand was met with average levels in Plinthosols and Leptosols, then high levels in Cambisols and Arenosols. Magnesium demand is met with average levels in Cambisols and Leptosols. Calcium levels are considered average in Plinthosols, then high in Cambisols and Leptosols. Potassium levels are high in Cambisols and Plinthosols, then average in Arenosols and Leptosols. Nitrogen and cation exchange capacity are below the required threshold on all these soils. Deficits are lower for Cambisols, but relatively high for all other soil types, especially Gleysols. This justifies the need for measures to restore soil fertility levels, accompanied by maintenance fertilization in line with yield objectives.
Keywords: Mapping; Cambisol; Fertility potential; Borotou-Koro; Ivory Coast

The present investigation was conducted to ascertain the productivity of diversified integrated farming system model at the ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram (Uttar Pradesh), India during the 2015-2022. The different components of IFS (Integrated Farming System) were compared with each other for the allocation of various resources for their higher production and economic gain. In total, nine components like crops, dairy, fruit crops, fishery, poultry, mushroom, kitchen garden, boundary plantation and vermicompost were included for their cram. The productivity, profitability, sustainability, soil fertility upsurge and employment generation was increased highest from the crop module than other components because approximately 69.3% of land area (1.04 ha) was owed for crops production, 17.3% area for horticultural crops, 6.6% area for fish farming and rest land area i.e. 6.7% was held in reserve for dairy farming (shed and fodder production). Mushroom and vermicompost were also taken up as the supplementary enterprises. Keeping in view, the mutual benefit of one component to other in terms of production as a result reduced the cost of production and maintained inflow- out flow of inputs. To maintain the productivity and save the resources though recycled from crops, livestock, fishery, mushroom and poultry as residues viz. rice straw, dry leaves of sugarcane, green manure, dung, urine, fish pond mud, mushroom spent and water, bunds weeds, stubbles, stalks, poultry excreta and mushroom spent.

The transmutation of a hydrogen in the Sun, and the hydrogen is the based substace on the Earth, where water is essential.
We noticed hydrogen from water, two hydrogen−oxide pressurized at more than 100 MPa. After presurisation, we call it SIGN water−−Spin Inform Gauge Network.
We assum neither hydrogen nore other ions. So we regard subatom in which an electron with spin precesses around a proton. We name the subatom an infoton like an elementary particle and is pico-order size.

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a transformative tool in higher education, particularly in online learning environments. Despite its growing influence, limited research exists on the specific application of AI in South African Universities of Technology (UoTs). This study aimed to explore the use, benefits, and limitations of AI-driven tools in online learning at UoTs. The study was framed within the constructivist theoretical lens, focusing on how technology can support active learning and student-cantered pedagogy. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of AI. The study used surveys and interviews as research strategies from a sample of faculty members and students at multiple UoTs. The data collection methods involved were online surveys for students and semi-structured interviews for faculty members. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data, while quantitative data were analysed through SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corporation) for descriptive and inferential analysis.
The findings reveal that AI-driven tools have the potential to significantly enhance student engagement and academic performance, particularly through personalised learning experiences. However, challenges such as infrastructural limitations, insufficient faculty preparation, and ethical concerns, particularly around data privacy, hinder the full integration of AI technologies in UoTs. The recommendations include enhanced faculty training and improving technological infrastructure to support AI implementation.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Higher Education; Online Learning; South Africa; Universities of Technology

According to our survey, the primary cause of injury or death for people around 60 years are from falls [1, 2]. It is estimated that around 35percent of elder get injured by falling every year, scientifically, it is proven that the Reason for falling is because of an imbalance of the center of gravity, i.e the CG (center). of gravity) of the person is unstable. It is necessary to find fast and effective way to find fall detection to help the elderly fall. This fall detection can also be used for patients in hospitals and in road traffic for drunk people. In this paper, we are going to detect the fall of a person using an open pose model. Basically, we are going to extract the key point/joints of a person and then we are going to analyze the gait of a person by taking the centroid as a key point for fall detection. This method is effectively able to detect falls with an accuracy of 90 percent.
Keywords: fall detection; open pose; center of gravity; key points

Floods, one of the most common and destructive natural disasters, have always been a significant part of Earth's history. Extreme flood occurrences can sometimes have a long-lasting effect on hydrologic systems. Therefore, planning, designing, and managing a variety of facilities require a hydrologic and hydraulic understanding of floods. Hydrologic flood frequency analysis is a method of forecasting future frequencies of floods by utilizing statistics and probability. In this study, the discharge data of River Jehlum in Kashmir-India, was analysed for annual & summer maximum flood peaks and flood frequency analysis was performed on nine gauging stations, using probability distributions. These included gamma distribution, Log Pearson Type-III distribution & Extreme Value Distribution (EV-I). The corresponding PDF, CDF, shape, scale & location parameters were obtained, fitting distributions, calculating flood quantiles and subsequently results were plotted. Corresponding confidence intervals at 95% were also constructed for flood quantiles from the best fitted distribution. The frequency curves obtained were compared with empirical estimates. The 100-year return period flood discharge was obtained at all the gauging stations which is useful in design of hydraulic structures. The delineation of River Jhelum watershed and sub basins was done in ArcGIS software using 30m SRTM Digital Elevation Model-DEM. The seasonality of discharge peaks and the corresponding extreme magnitude variations were studied to relate the seasonality of flood peaks with magnitudes. Rainfall and snowmelt contribute to the flood discharge, and the relative contribution of each changes with the season. The study has completed flood frequency analysis at each gauging station on River Jhelum and obtained the design discharge both for annual and summer data for comparison.
Keywords: Flood; Frequency Analysis; quantiles

Objectives: To assess primary and secondary stability of titanium-zirconium alloy dental implants using resonance frequency analysis, and to identify factors influencing implant stability.
Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal, prospective study utilizing the Straumann^® implant system with either conventional or guided implant bed preparation techniques. Implant stability was measured using the Osstell ISQ^® system (Integration Diagnostics AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) and analyzed in relation to patient-specific, implant-related, and surgical variables using multilevel modeling and multiple linear regression.
Results: A total of 274 implants were placed in 107 patients. Primary stability was positively correlated with bone density and insertion torque (p < 0.05). Higher primary stability was observed with 10 mm and 12 mm implants compared to 8 mm implants. Guided implant bed preparation resulted in higher and more consistent primary stability than conventional techniques. Patients with endocrine disorders demonstrated a reduction in ISQ values, with decreases of 5.63 units in the vestibular/palatal (ISQ Vb/PLv) and 6.07 units in the mesial/distal (ISQ M/Dv) directions. Greater increases in stability were observed in cases of caries-related tooth loss compared to periodontal disease, and with the use of longer and wider-diameter implants.
Conclusions: These findings underscore the value of standardized methods for assessing implant stability and highlight the relevance of patient-, implant-, and procedure-related factors in predicting implant success.
Keywords: implants; primary stability; secondary stability; resonance frequency analysis

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital anomaly of unknown etiology characterized by the protrusion of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity due to a defect in the development of the diaphragm during the early fetal stage [1-4]. Its epidemiological context is complex, with a prevalence of approximately 2.5 cases per 10,000 live births, which could be modified by variability in data collection and its hidden mortality in unborn cases due to its high mortality rate [1, 3, 4]. Its prevalence does not appear to be associated with maternal age [5], and most studies have not observed an association with sex, compared to some that report a slightly higher prevalence in males [2, 6, 7].
CDH is caused by a failure of the pleuroperitoneal duct to close between weeks 9 and 10 of gestation, which facilitates herniation of the midgut and, in some cases, the stomach, liver, or spleen. It is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality, primarily influenced by pulmonary hypoplasia and secondary pulmonary hypertension [2, 9].

Scientific Needs: Neurosurgery demands exceptional precision and expertise due to the complexity of treating brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve disorders. The high stakes of surgical errors underscore the need for advanced, risk-free training modalities to ensure technical proficiency and patient safety, particularly as procedural complexity and technological advancements accelerate.
Introduction: As one of medicine’s most intricate specialties, neurosurgery requires innovative educational strategies to prepare surgeons for its challenges. Laboratory-based training has emerged as a critical tool, enabling skill development in a controlled environment. This review addresses the urgent need to evaluate and enhance training modalities to meet the evolving demands of neurosurgical practice.
Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of neurosurgical training, focusing on simulation-based techniques, cadaveric dissection, and advanced imaging integration. Peer- reviewed studies were analyzed to assess the efficacy, benefits, and limitations of each method. Manuscripts published on the last 24 years were evaluated, Current trends and technological innovations were explored to identify their impact on surgical proficiency and patient outcomes.
Discussion: Simulation and cadaveric training offer distinct advantages: simulations provide safe, repeatable practice, while cadaveric dissection ensures anatomical fidelity. Advanced imaging and virtual reality enhance both, yet challenges such as cost, accessibility, and haptic realism persist. These modalities collectively improve technical skills, but their global adoption varies, highlighting disparities in training infrastructure. Emerging technologies promise to bridge these gaps, though evidence of competency transfer to the operating theater remains limited.
Conclusion: Laboratory-based training is indispensable for equipping neurosurgeons with the skills required for modern practice. Integrating traditional and innovative methods addresses current educational needs, but future efforts must prioritize cost-effective solutions and validated assessments to ensure widespread impact. This evolution in training will enhance surgical expertise, ultimately advancing patient safety and care quality worldwide. While new technologies offer valuable adjuncts, the ideal educational approach lies in balancing and integrating both traditional and modern techniques through cooperative models of instruction.
Keywords: Neurosurgical training, simulation, cadaveric dissection, virtual reality, augmented reality, laboratory education

Caffeine is common performance enhancing ergogenic aid. Though widely used, the extent of the effects of caffeine on individuals can vary due to individual variability in response to caffeine. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis on caffeine's ergogenic effects on endurance and strength performance while examining the influence of individual factors on these outcomes. A literature search was conducted on PubMed for studies on caffeine on endurance and strength performance from 01 November 2019 to 31 October 2024. Forty out of 179 articles were included and categorized into three main themes: (i) caffeine's impact on endurance performance, (ii) its effects on strength performance, and (iii) individual factors influencing its ergogenic potential. Findings reveal that caffeine enhances both endurance and strength performance by improving key parameters, as well as via its role as an adenosine receptor antagonist and other peripheral parameters. However, performance outcomes are influenced by individual variabilities such as genetics, including CYP1A2, ADORA2A, and ACE polymorphisms, along with dosage, timing of ingestion, and habitual caffeine intake, contribute to inconsistent performance outcomes.
Keywords: Caffeine; Strength performance; Endurance performance; Enhancement; Genetics

Because of their capacity to produce rich, experiential data and promote holistic knowledge, arts-based research (ABR) methodologies have become increasingly popular in the health sciences. Nigeria is the primary subject of this study's scoping evaluation of ABR applications in healthcare research. ABR uses a variety of artistic mediums, such as theater, music, visual arts, and literature, to explore and explain intricate health-related issues. The research aims to identify important trends, advantages, and difficulties related to ABR in Nigeria's health sector by analyzing case studies and current literature. In order to analyze the data and investigate the connection between ABR techniques and research efficacy, the study used IBM's Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to conduct regression and Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) analyses. This study sought to promote wider use and institutional support for arts-based techniques in healthcare research by offering an empirical foundation for ABR applications in Nigeria. Within Nigeria's healthcare research framework, the study investigated the efficacy, difficulties, and consequences of ABR using data analysis using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The results add to the conversation of incorporating ABR into the health sciences, which could improve public health initiatives, medical education, and patient care.
Keywords: Art-based Research; Health-Related Phenomena; Scoping Review; Experiential Data; Artistic Practices. Healthcare Research

The future of dental practice in India is poised to undergo a significant transformation driven by technological advancements and evolving patient expectations. One prominent trend is the integration of digital dentistry, including the use of intraoral scanners, CAD/CAM technology, 3D printing, CBCT and advanced softwares for orthodontic and Implant planning. These innovations enable the practitioners for accurate diagnosis, time efficient treatment planning, and the fabrication of inlays, onlays crowns and bridges, stents and aligners etc. with accuracy. Once these technologies become more affordable and widespread, dental practitioners will be able to deliver a high-quality and cost-effective treatment with reduced chair-side time and better prognosis.

Urban planning has always been an interdisciplinary process requiring the combination and synergy of various scientific disciplines and technical methods. In recent years, there has been an increasingly strong demand for respecting environmental standards on one hand and a trend towards creating cities that are more pedestrian-friendly and suitable for micromobility on the other. Internationally [6], urban and spatial planning is now moving in this direction, influencing local designs accordingly. In the case of the European Union, there has been a massive effort to shape and promote what we call sustainable design, and now in 2025, a significant database and repository of knowledge related to this field has been created [1]. In fact, the European Union considers the adoption of sustainable planning by member states not only an architectural or scientific choice but also a political approach to what we call 'European integration' [2]. Thus, it is evident that urban planning is, among other things, a matter of political and socio-political choices, sometimes imposed from top-down directives and other times developed as bottom-up demands.

3N aluminum is widely used in the power, electronics, and construction industries, with increasing demands for higher quality. During aluminum smelting and casting, the infiltration of non-metallic impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen significantly affects material properties. This study addresses the impact of the high-temperature, high-humidity environment in southern China on the impurities in 3N aluminum ingots. It suggests that through equipment upgrades, process optimization, and production management improvements, non-metallic impurities in the ingots can be reduced. Specifically, oxygen and hydrogen impurity levels were reduced by 0.0021% and 0.0004%, respectively. These measures significantly enhanced the purity of 3N aluminum, ensuring the supply meets the high-end aluminum market’s requirements.

Keywords: 3N aluminum ingots; Non-metallic impurities; Refining process; Equipment upgrades; Process optimization; Impurity control

We are researching to develop a fuel consumption efficiency of 33% on average when we drive different kinds of cars on the road. The Koga device is polyethene consisting of aluminium metal and neodymium magnet, and the fuel activates through the Koga, which is activated by the specially processed water in advance. We report the collaborated mechanism of magnetic and electric fields to improve fuel combustion where the liquid fuel passing the Koga can produce smaller fuel molecules.

Keywords: fuel efficiency; plant growth; electromagnetic field; pico-sized water; reducibility

Cable-stayed bridges are well-known for their efficient structural design, which utilises cables to support the bridge deck. It consists of one or more towers (or pylons) from which the bridge deck is supported by cables. The compressive force created by the tensile pressure in the cable wires has an impact on the bridge deck in addition to the direct traffic load. The weight of the deck is supported by a series of inclined cables, which are in tension that go directly to one or more vertical towers of a cable-stayed bridge. Towers transmit forces from cables to foundation by axial compression. Normally, cable-stayed bridges are constructed with RCC around 2000m span and beyond which steel bridges are preferred. In this study, the suitability of RCC strengthened with CFRP and UHPC materials as an alternative for RCC in cable-stayed bridges is investigated. The benefits of CFRP, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and flexibility, as well as those of UHPC, such as stronger compressive strength, durability, and low maintenance, make it a preferable choice to RCC. The performance of above bridges under dead and wind loads is evaluated using the finite element analysis software SAP2000. While applying the wind load, crucial parameters such wind speed and its direction are taken into account. The structural responses such as deflection, bending moment and shear force values gives a good comparison among these three bridge deck materials.

Keywords: Cable stayed bridge; UHPC; CFRP; Wind Load

In the ever-evolving landscape of product development and innovation, "smart prototyping" is emerging as a transformative force. By combining the rapid capabilities of 3D printing with the intelligence of artificial intelligence (AI), designers and engineers are redefining the traditional design thinking process making it faster, smarter, and more adaptive than ever before.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a lasting impact on the world, affecting not only global health but also disturbing the fundamental pillars of our economy and communities. Its extent of disruption was unimaginable, affecting every individual, community, and nation.
At this point, it is no longer constructive to speculate on the pandemic's origins—how it began, where it came from, or who was responsible. These questions, which were previously important to public conversation, are no longer relevant in light of more pressing challenges. What is actually important now is what we have learnt from this experience and how we will use those lessons moving ahead.

Ganga flooding and erosion due to course changing behaviour has led to unstable housing and livelihood issues surrounding Char land dwellers in West Bengal. Malda-Murshidabad region in West Bengal such as Samsherganj, Parlalpur, Dhuliyan, Maheshpur Farakka are affected by river bank erosion since Commissioning of Farakka Barrage and sedimentation in Ganges has immensely affected fishing and agriculture. However, displaced community have gradually become the force of resilience occupying the Char lands. Amidst a cycle of devastation and recovery, they persist, adapt, rebuild, and embrace alternative solutions to secure their future. To understand the catastrophe and resilience methods adopted by Char land dwellers, a social and scientific diagnosis was carried out by SKECT Women Water Worriers .Jalsanjivani (WWW.Jalsnajivani) & Jalbiradari NGO, in collaboration with local NGOs, grampanchayat members, govt. administration and other stakeholders. Outcome of the study revealed that there are several NGOs and organizations working for the cause of rehabilitation for a long time, and making efforts for creating an impact for bringing back aviralta-nirmalta (purity and incessant flow) of the river Ganges and to assist displaced people, but meagrely any impact could be observed. To bridge this gap and share scientific knowledge of the river characteristics (site specific and from its origin to confluence) with the focus of its relationship with soil, forest, and human health, which is very crucial for developing a holistic perspective and reorientation of engineering infrastructure development, that Ganga Sadbhavana Yatra was planned in 2017. Not much was known or discussed about the constant threat faced and challenges of the displaced people for livelihood and basic needs. Also it was pertinent to find scope through the interventions of disaster management policies to support them. This project was an attempt to create awareness and strengthen Indigenous knowledge system, save cultural heritage and explore the traditional practices, by engaging stakeholders through participatory approach in social and scientific mapping activity. The overall intentions were to initiate scientific communication with authorities and provide inputs to develop a sensible National River Policy Framework in the country, which is missing. Study recommended that for any river restoration process connecting with historical, geographical, political, environmental, socio-economic status and philosophical background along with the local people experiences is decisive.

Agroforestry is a sustainable land-use system that combines trees, shrubs, and crops to improve soil health and productivity. This study assesses the effects of different agroforestry systems on soil properties in the semi-arid region of eastern Uttar Pradesh, specifically in the Milkipur block of Ayodhya district, where declining soil fertility is a major concern. Soil samples were collected from three depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-60 cm) under various agroforestry systems, including agri-silviculture, agri-silvi-pasture, block plantation, agri-horti-silviculture, and agri-horticulture. Results showed that soil bulk density was lowest (1.27-1.31 Mg/m³) under agri-silviculture, while porosity (39.43-37.96%) and water-holding capacity (38.43-30.75%) were highest in agri-silvi-pasture and agri-horti-silviculture. Organic carbon content was also highest in agri-silvi-pasture, which contributed to better microbial activity and soil fertility. The study highlights that agroforestry improves soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient cycling compared to conventional agriculture. Agri-silvi-pasture and agri-horti-silviculture proved most effective in enhancing soil health, making them suitable options for sustainable farming in semi-arid regions.
Keywords: Agroforestry systems; Soil fertility improvement; Semi-arid region; Soil physico-chemical properties; Sustainable land management

The article discusses the existence of many problems in the distribution of oil (fuel) products in any situation, including extreme conditions. For example, it is recognized that fuel products are stored in tanks, the vertical and horizontal location of the tank, the size of the slot (jumrak) through which the liquid flows, and its geometric shape (circle, cone, etc.).
Keywords: reservoir; fuel; Bernoulli's law; differential equation; extremum; oil product; volume; time; slot; fist

In 2023, a fungus was isolated from rotting navel orange (Citrus sinensis), which presented typical fruit rot disease symptoms for the first time in Ismailia governorate East of Egypt. The pathogen was isolated and identified as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (telemorph: Microascus brevicaulis). A pathogenicity test was carried out to fulfil Koch’s postulates. The pathogen enters the orange fruit and cause fruit rot through wounds. The fungus has pathogenic effects on other crops, such as Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Lemon (Citrus limon), Mango (Mangiferaindica), Banana (Musa acuminata), Peach (Prunus persica), Plum (Prunus simonii), Pear (Pyrus communis), Apple (Malus sp.), Tomata (Solanum lycopersicum), Pepper (Capsicum annuum), Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Guava (Psidium guajava). Symptoms vary in severity depending on the crop species. According to the available literature, this is the first record of orange fruit rot on orange in Egypt.
Keywords: Citrus; Scopulariopsis brevicaulis; fruitrot

The challenges of incorporating small scale craftsmanship into the fashion industry persist, requiring a comprehensive and sustainable approach that encompasses products, services, and communication in a coordinated manner. With this objective, this project was conceived aimed at training embroidery production groups in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, with the intention of boosting the local economy and promoting visibility in the market in a socially conscious way. The research focused on the application of design tools in the training of two groups of embroiderers: the Pontos de Luta Group and the Group of Embroiderers of the Parish of the Church of St. John the Evangelist. This approach aimed not only to improve product performance and design, but also to promote teaching-learning within these communities. The results obtained were significant, culminating in the creation of customized ecobags with embroidery, a new fashion product that meets contemporary demands for sustainability and style. These ecobags will not only be sold, but will also be used in events and promotional activities, such as the bazaars of the São João Evangelista Parish Group and the Bordações of the Pontos de Luta Group.
Keywords: Design Tools; Multipliers; Embroidery

Agriculture is one of the sectors most vulnerable to changes in weather patterns and extreme events, such as drought and flooding. Adapting to this evolving environment is essential to overcome challenges in providing food for a growing population, sustaining livelihoods throughout the food value chain, and enhancing the sustainability of the agricultural sector. Agriculture in Egypt is particularly exposed to climate change. In recent decades, Egypt's climate has been dry, hot, and barren, with minimal precipitation. However, climate change has exacerbated these already challenging climatic conditions through increased temperature fluctuations, severe heat waves, desertification, and droughts. In 2021, yields of key crops, including mangoes and olives, plummeted by 40% and 80%, respectively, due to climate change. Projections suggest that crop yields will decline significantly by 2050.

By combining technology and fabric for therapeutic purposes, smart textiles have become a cutting-edge approach to treating stress and mental health issues. The design, development, and user experience of smart textiles in Nigeria are examined in this study, with an emphasis on how well they relieve stress and promote mental health. The study uses an experimental methodology to examine the potential therapeutic advantages of interactive textiles with temperature control, biofeedback sensors, and aromatherapy features. Surveys and experimental trials were used to gather data, and the physiological and psychological reactions of users to smart fabrics were examined. To assess the effect of smart textiles on stress reduction and general mental health, statistical analyses such as regression analysis and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were carried out using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Although the quantitative results indicated a possible relationship between the use of smart textiles and stress reduction, the statistical significance was not clear. Qualitative input, however, showed strong perceived benefits and user approval. In order to maximize the design and accessibility of smart textiles as a supplemental stress-relieving intervention in Nigeria, the study suggested more research, the creation of policies, and cooperation amongst stakeholders. It was anticipated that the results would add to the expanding corpus of research on digital health interventions, highlighting the promise of smart textiles as an approachable and culturally appropriate way to manage mental health in Nigeria.
Keywords: Therapeutic Application; Smart Textiles; Stress Relief; Mental Well-being; Aromatherapy; Biofeedback Sensors

Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with potential probiotics properties that may be engineered for various industrial applications and the presence of mathematical models (genome-scale models or GSMs, and kinetic models or KMs) will be a valuable tool to guide engineering approaches. To date, there are several GSMs for Y. lipolytica but no whole-cell KM. Here, we present a whole cell simulatable KM of Y. lipolytica, yliYKY24, based on the genome of Y. lipolytica CLIB122. The resulting model consists of 931 metabolites, 703 enzymes with corresponding transcriptions and translations, and 856 enzymatic reactions; which can be a baseline model for incorporating other cellular and growth processes, or as a system to examine cellular resource allocations necessary for engineering.

Background and Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health burden. The objective is to compare the prevalence of MetS and its components among underweight, healthy, overweight and obese adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 624 adolescents (383 girls and 241 boys). Data collected included waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Results: In all, 108 (17.3%), 466 (74.7%), 30 (4.8%) and 20 (3.2%) subjects were underweight, healthy, overweight and obese. Obese subjects were significantly younger than the underweight (P-value=0.0003) or healthy (P-value=0.008) individuals. Waist circumference ≥90th percentile was more prevalent among obese boys (16.7%) than girls (7.1%). The prevalence of MetS was 8.3%, higher in boys (14.1%) than girls (4.7%), highest (26.7%) among the overweight and lowest (2.8%) among the underweight. High LDL-C was mostly widespread (92.5%) and systolic hypertension had the least occurrence (4.3%). Dyslipidemia, diabetic FPG, and systolic hypertension, were most prevalent among overweight subjects. Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (78.6%), of low HDL-C (33.3%), hyperglycemia (22.2%) and systolic hypertension (33.3%) were highest in obese girls and overweight boys respectively. The risk factor for MetS of ≥3 least occurred (2.8%) among underweight subjects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that less than 5% of the adolescents were either overweight or obese but 17.3% were underweight. Cardiometabolic risk factors for MetS were more common among overweight subjects. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among boys (14.1%) than girls (4.7%).
Keywords: Biophysical profile; Black African Adolescents; Clinical; Metabolic Syndrome; Sub-Saharan

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a TB germ that spreads via air, and it is just like a cold. Pulmonary TB patients are very contagious and they transmit the disease through coughing or sneezing. Through this study, Hargeisa TB Hospital will be used as the setting for assessing TB prevalence and associated factors among male TB patients in Somaliland. 296 respondents were selected through animals' lining method for a cross-sectional study. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. The research revealed that 66.2% of the participants smoked three to six cigarettes a day, accounting for 55.7% of the total respondents who smoked. The percentage of alcohol consumed was 44.2%, whilst the percentage of illegal drug use was 34.1%. In addition, 52.4% of them occasionally rode public transit, which may have contributed to their tuberculosis infection. 65.5% of survey participants identified HIV as a significant TB risk factor, and 90% of them ranked HIV's significance in relation to the TB mortality rate. It is important to note, nevertheless, that although 92.9% of those tested tested positive for tuberculosis, only 60.8% of them finished the whole course of therapy. The study indicates that drug and alcohol abuse, smoking, and HIV co-infection are factors that influence TB rates in adult males. Recommendations include the focus testing, the proper use of medications, and fostering community interventions.
Keyword: Tuberculosis (TB); Alcohol Consumption; Drug Abuse; TB hospital; Hargeisa

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare benign autoinflammatory skeletal disease characterized by unifocal or multifocal nonbacterial inflammatory bone lesions in the metaphysis of long bones. Due to its rarity and its unspecific clinical and imaging findings, it can be easily misdiagnosed. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl which symptomatology was similar to Ewing Sarcoma. In fact, the diagnosis of CRMO is a diagnosis of exclusion.
Keywords: chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis; children; bone pain

We are about to bid farewell to 2024. It is now receding, while the next is proceeding towards the shore. We are now at the trough of 2024, and its crest became a history now. Like annual rings within the stem of a tree, sea waves also seem to put signatures on the shore. Now we may attempt a deep learning of the autograph of temporal comber.  Let us look  into 1924, retrospecting a hundred years back.
1924 is specially remembered for the breakthrough in electrophysiology. The invention of ECG was honoured with the Noble prize in Physiology or Medicine in that very year. Also, EEG was tried on humans in 1924 itself. Let us have a brief retrospection to this aspect.

Cadaba farinosa leaves are used in Ayurvedic medicine to cleanse snake bites, as well as for fevers, as a laxative to eliminate intestinal parasites, and to cure diabetes (Jefferson et al., 2014).
The powdered sample extraction was carried out according to method described by El-Mohmood (2009). Serial exhaustive extraction was carried out by maceration using solvents of increasing polarity with the aid of separating funnel containing 500 g of the stem bark. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening in other to identify the various classes of phytochemicals using the methods described by Jarvis, (2020). The screening was done to identify alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, proteins/ amino acids, triterphenoids/ steroids and anthraquinones.
The result of the phytochemical screening is presented in Table 1. The methanol extracts contain all the phytochemicals screened except anthraquinone.
Keywords: Cadaba Farinosa; Phytochemical Screening; Maceration

This research paper delves into the rich tapestry of ethnomedicinal plant diversity prevalent in the Lower Jhelum Valley of the Kashmir Himalaya. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing economic and ethnobotanical perspectives, the study aims to shed light on the invaluable contributions of indigenous flora to traditional medicine practices and local economies. A total of 130 plant species have been cataloged for their ethnomedicinal applications, encompassing treatments for a diverse array of ailments including asthma, boils, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatism, cardiac and respiratory disorders, colds, coughs, fevers, toothaches, cholera, ulcers, skin afflictions, wounds, injuries, worm infestations, chest infections, and hysteria. Furthermore, numerous plant species with various economic utilities have been identified. Specifically, 10 species are utilized for timber production, 5 species for furniture manufacturing, 19 species as fuel sources, 45 species as fodder for livestock, and 18 species as wild vegetables and fruits. Additionally, several plant species serve multiple purposes such as agricultural implements production, honey production, spices, condiments, flavorings, coloring agents, cosmetics, perfumery, toiletries, dyes, tanning agents, and artistic materials. Moreover, these plants also contribute to the human diet by providing cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and oilseeds.
Keywords: Exploration; Enumeration; Asthma; Rheumatism; Infections; Cosmetic

Heat stress is a major threat to global agricultural productivity, with rising temperatures due to climate change exacerbating this challenge. This article examines the impact of heat stress on crop yield, focusing on the physiological and biochemical processes affected in plants. High temperatures disrupt photosynthesis, respiration, and water relations, leading to reduced growth and impaired reproductive development. The article explores various crops, including wheat, rice, and maize, highlighting their specific responses to heat stress. It also discusses strategies to mitigate the adverse effects, such as breeding heat-tolerant varieties, employing agronomic practices, and utilizing biotechnological interventions. Through a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind heat stress and the implementation of effective solutions, it is possible to enhance the resilience of crop plants and sustain agricultural productivity in the face of global climate change.

Present principles of water policy in India and its evolution over time forming National water policy in 1987 & its subsequent revision in 2002 & 2012. In specific, it introspects the state water policy of Maharashtra (2019) focusing on its concern & challenges in water supply chain of Mumbai. It addresses the need of water resource planning due to uncertain climate changes & its impact in future water policy by M/o Jal Shakti.

The African continent have diverse climatic conditions and so has diversity of trees. It is well said that “nature finds its way to perish”. These trees are full of amazing utilities including medicinal values. No wonder since ancient times the tribal people have been using those trees for their survival and health benefits. This is the revelation of the secret and toughness of the tribals is revealed. Let’s have a brief of the ten most amazing trees of Africa.

This paper examines a procedure to lower the noise of the system. The system under study is a 4-Slot Server. This Server has 3fan trays each of which has two fans. Our objective is to reduce the noise level. The procedure we adopt is the Constructal Approach [1]. The Constructal Law states that: “ For a finite size system to persist in time, it should evolve in a manner to provide an easier access to fluid going through it”. In past publications devoted to this subject in Industrial Contexts we studied the Condenser of Refrigerator, Thermal management under microgravity, Charger best design and quite recently the noise reduction in a 2-RU Server.
Keywords: Constructal Law; Noise Reduction; Vortex Ring; Correlations

In the Russian Federation, the positive balance of production/consumption of technical sulfur is increasing, which contributes to the consideration of the use of sulfur as a low-carbon binder in the production of large-tonnage building materials and products. The successes achieved in the modification of technical sulfur [5] not only make it possible to produce high-strength chemically and moisture-resistant products from it, but also to start developing materials for road surfaces. Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), after successfully conducting pilot tests of sulfur modification processes and the production of road slabs from modified sulfur concrete and composite reinforcement, is preparing a pilot industrial production of sulfur concrete mixtures. This opens up wide opportunities for the creation and testing of innovative technologies for the production of sulfur concrete road surfaces, making the most of the advantages of grey concrete as a thermoplastic material. Such a promising technological direction is the heating of pre-prepared sulfur concrete mixtures at the installation site using microwave induction installations and additives developed for the repair of induction-susceptible asphalt concrete coatings [3]. The article provides an analysis of the results achieved in the development of appropriate modified sulfur binders and samples of sulfur concrete based on them, as well as the formulation of research and technological tasks related to the development of compositions and structures of coatings from modified sulfur concrete mixtures specialized for the technology of their microwave heating and laying directly "on the road". The successful solution of these tasks can ensure the creation of a new highly efficient technology for the construction and repair of modified road concrete pavements with a minimum carbon footprint throughout the entire life cycle. The thermoplastic nature of the sulfur binder, which opens up the possibility of its reusable repair and recycling, allows us to hope for the most important prospects for its joint use with microwave induction technologies as the main type of binder for the Arctic territories.
Keywords: Sulfur concrete; Sulfur concrete mixture; Modified sulfur binder; Road pavement; UHF induction

Storage of solar energy is an important issue as solar radiation is a time-dependent energy source, i.e. has an intermittent character. Thus, the energy source and the heating demands of the systems do not match. Solar thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat (water and rock), latent heat (water/ice and salt hydrates), heat of reaction, or combination of these. Parameters including storage period required, economic viability or operating conditions are effective on selection of these methods [1].
The use of solar energy in drying is becoming an important and viable alternative since it decreases consumption of conventional energy, and improves production efficiency. Solar drying helps to overcome the inherent disadvantage of open sun drying i.e. it protects the product from unpredicted rain, wind-borne dirt and dust, Infestation by insects, rodents etc... Using a solar dryer, the drying time can be shortened by about 65% compared to the open sun drying because the efficiency of dryer is higher, and its payback period ranges from 2~4 years depending on the rate of utilization [2].

Streets are considered to be a major urban element in any city in the world. Studying them and how they are interconnected together helps understand how vibrancy in urban settlements is created or fixed. This paper is an extension to a previously published paper where it compares the effect of different urban elements resulted from streets and streets network in different districts. It investigates the correlation between streets attributes of length, width, integration and choice with pedestrians flow and vehicular movement.
Keywords: Urban Form; Vibrancy; Connectivity; Space Syntax

Engineering is a constantly evolving field where technological innovation plays a central role in improving processes and performance. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most powerful drivers of this transformation, revolutionizing various sectors such as civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering. This article explores the opportunities AI offers in engineering and the challenges that must be addressed for optimal adoption.

Erosion in hydro power plant has proven to be a great problem from a long time which occurs mainly due to suspended silt particles in water which flows through the turbines components and impacts at high velocities during the normal operating condition. And also metal loss due to cavitation phenomenon particularly in the trailing edges of runner blades leads to severe erosion damages in turbine components. The service life of presently used hydro turbine stainless steel is affected by the hardness, carbide size, process conditions as well as porosity. Thus the assessment of both cavitation as well as silt factors are prerequisite for the quantitative prediction of erosion damage behaviour of the turbine components. Also the identification of critical erosion and cavitation intensity zones are important from the view point of selection of specific coatings on those regions to achieve improved service life. The formation of erosion damage mechanisms in the base hydro steel materials shall pave way for development of high performance coating materials with improved service life. As the cavitation and silt erosion resistance properties are directly affected by the coating process conditions, optimization of these parameters is necessary for achieving improved life expectancy in hard coatings. The erosion resistance of thermal spay coatings have been studied in depth using cavitation and silt erosion test setup, respectively. The supporting tests such as porosity, hardness microstructure, surface roughness, indentation toughness and cavitation/silt damage assessment have been carried out on coating materials. The silt erosion test have been performed at different velocities and impact angles of the jet nozzle. The mechanism of metal removal has been identified and studied from the point of view of surface degradation.

Hip joint instability in young adults presents a significant orthopedic challenge, often arising from conditions like trauma, septic arthritis, developmental dysplasia, or other childhood hip pathologies. The condition is characterized by pain, limb length discrepancy, Trendelenburg gait, and functional limitations. Treatment aims to restore hip stability, alleviate pain, and correct associated deformities. Conventional approaches such as hip arthrodesis or total hip arthroplasty (THA) have limitations, including loss of range of motion, back pain, or the need for revision surgeries in younger patients.
This study explores the efficacy of Ilizarov hip reconstruction combined with pelvic support osteotomy as an alternative for addressing unstable hips in young adults. The technique includes proximal femoral valgus osteotomy and distal femoral osteotomy for limb length equalization, mechanical axis realignment, and improved hip biomechanics. Two patients with hip instability secondary to septic arthritis underwent this procedure. Preoperative planning included radiological assessments for osteotomy site determination and deformity correction using software-guided SUV systems. Postoperative evaluation involved radiographic follow-ups and assessment of mechanical axis alignment, limb length discrepancy, and functional outcomes.
The results demonstrated significant improvements in limb length, mechanical axis alignment, and Modified Harris Hip Scores, along with elimination of Trendelenburg gait. Complications, including pin site infections and mild residual discrepancies, were effectively managed. Compared to THA, this approach showed reduced revision rates, better biomechanical restoration, and enhanced functional outcomes in young patients.
Ilizarov hip reconstruction emerges as a viable option for managing unstable hips in young adults, providing effective correction of deformities and improved long-term functionality.
Keywords: unstable hips; ilizarov; hip reconstruction; young adults

The travelling wave theory was proclaimed by Georgy von Bekesy (1899-1972) in 1928. The author attempted to explain physiological processes by means of physics and mechanics alone. Bekesy's successors tried to modernise this theory. Not much attention has been paid to complex molecular processes in the receptor and auditory cells.
This paper specifies certain fallacies of the travelling wave theory. Specific focus is given to mechanisms on a submolecular level related to the hearing process. The significance of transformations taking place in an auditory cell is emphasised.
The essence of the new theory lies in a hypothesis of a changed pathway a sound wave takes to reach the receptor. The signal is transferred from the auricle, through the ossicles of the middle ear and the stapes to the receptor via the bony pathway. The study presents nanostructures and nanoprocesses related to the reception and processing of auditory information. Hence, the theory has been named the submolecular theory of hearing.

Congenitally missing lateral incisors cause an aesthetic challenge that may require specific orthodontic and prosthetic solutions. The treatment is complex but offers valuable aesthetic options, such as orthodontic space opening followed by the prosthetic replacement of the lateral incisors. This is made possible by advancements in the design of bonded bridges, particularly cantilever bonded bridges.
The cantilever design offers a minimally invasive, conservative approach, preserving the adjacent teeth while providing a stable and aesthetically pleasing outcome. Through this article, we demonstrate that the cantilever resin-bonded bridge does not only achieve satisfactory aesthetic outcomes but also shows high survival rates, especially when paired with a careful pre-prosthetic approach. This treatment option is particularly beneficial for young patients who may not be ideal candidates for implants due to their age or other considerations. These findings highlight the significance of a multidisciplinary approach that combines orthodontic and prosthetic expertise to ensure long-term success in managing congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Keywords: Resin-bonded bridge; Cantilever resin-bonded bridge; maxillary lateral incisor agenesis

Aging is a natural process that brings physical, psychological, and social changes, often increasing vulnerability to illness and leading to frequent hospital visits (Leung S et al., 2011). With years of medical expertise, healthcare professionals play a vital role in managing the aging population. According to the National Health Policy, India's life expectancy is 68.7 years—67.4 years for males and 70.2 years for females. As life expectancy increases, the risk of morbidity also rises (Ibrahim R et al., 2013). Therefore, it is crucial to assess the attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward elderly care and promote awareness (Yen CH et al., 2009). Introducing necessary changes in medical education can cultivate a positive attitude, greater empathy, and enhanced knowledge in geriatric healthcare.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the healthcare sector, including dental care services. Dental clinics have faced significant disruptions, including reduced patient flow, financial constraints, and implementation of new infection control protocols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Aim: Study to understand how COVID -19 Pandemic outbreak effected the selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Objectives: The study has been enumerated in two objectives, and these are (1) To study dental working conditions in dental clinics. (2) To study the clinical guidelines recommended by Dental Council of India for dental professionals. (3) To study the challenges faced by dentists while resuming dental clinics.
Methodology: An observational and retrospective analytical approach was employed, combining both observational and questionnaire methods. Data regarding the primary and secondary sources were collected. Primary data were collected from structured questionnaires with 50 dental professionals, whereas the secondary data were derived from literature pertinent to the area of study. This research has been conducted using a Purposive and Convenient techniques over a period of 3-4 months.
Result: the findings indicates that covid 19 pandemic profoundly impacted dental clinics, highlighting the need for robust infection control measures, flexible operational strategies, and resilient supply chains. By adopting comprehensive guidelines, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring clear communication, dental clinics can better navigate future health crisis and maintain patient trust and safety.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted dental clinics in Bangalore, affecting patient appointment, storage of equipment, decrease in patient appointments, economic strain, assurance of patient safety, lack of training and education programme for staff safety. The study highlights the need for dental clinics to adapt to the new technologies prioritizing staff safety, infection control measures and assurance to the patient on safety to ensure sustained delivery of dental care services.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; dental clinics; aerosol; patient volume; economic strain; staff safety; infection control measures

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are highly prevalent in many developing countries, affecting the poorest and most deprived communities. Most of the STH infections were of light intensity. Our review focus on STH infections which is common among the school going children. The national programs should be strengthen among these population. The impact of deworming programs must be monitored and routine surveillance should be carried out. Lower socio-economic groups are more affected. The reason for this might be poor socio economic condition and unhygienic living conditions. The main species involved are roundworm (AL, Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (TT, Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (HW, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). This review aims to intensity STH infections and focus more among school-aged children.
Keywords: School children; poor hygiene; national deworming programs; autoinfection

Sorghum is a nutrient-rich cereal grain with bioactive compounds that offer numerous health benefits. Key bioactive constituents include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and dietary fiber, which contribute to its functional food properties. Sorghum contains phenolic acids like ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids, which act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress linked to heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. Flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin possess neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties and support cardiovascular health by reducing arterial plaque buildup. Colored sorghum varieties are rich in condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), which exhibit antioxidant activity, improve gut health, lower cholesterol, and potentially aid in weight management. Sorghum is high in dietary fiber, promoting healthy digestion, regulating blood glucose, and supporting gut microbiota. Policosanols in sorghum help lower LDL cholesterol and improve lipid metabolism, contributing to cardiovascular health and weight management. Other phytochemicals like phytic acid, polyphenols, and sterols reduce the risk of chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects. Nutritionally, sorghum is high in protein (9-13%), dietary fiber (6%), and essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron. It also contains B-complex vitamins, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid. Sorghum’s nutritional profile supports growth, metabolism, and disease prevention, particularly in managing cardiovascular health, weight, and cancer risk. Sorghum's hardiness, low input requirements, and nutritional value make it a sustainable crop ideal for addressing food security and climate adaptability. Its resilience to environmental stresses positions it as a critical component in sustainable agriculture, supporting global food systems amidst environmental challenges.

Telemedicine offers underprivileged communities high-quality healthcare by diagnosing and treating patients remotely via telecommunications technology. The first known instance of telemedicine occurred in the early 1900s when an ECG was sent over a telephone line. Since then, telemedicine has advanced significantly in terms of technology and healthcare delivery. NASA and ISRO played a major role in making this possible. In 2005, the Indian Health Ministry established the National Telemedicine Taskforce, which facilitated several initiatives such as the ICMR-AROGYASREE, NeHA, and VRCs.
Telemedicine facilitates patient monitoring and provides family doctors with easy access to specialists. Numerous telemedicine systems, such as store and forward, real-time, remote, or self-monitoring, offer a range of services for disease screening, education, disaster relief, and healthcare delivery and management worldwide. Telemedicine has the potential to greatly lessen the strain on the healthcare system, notwithstanding its drawbacks. Telemedicine has altered the way that healthcare is delivered, particularly in rural areas. By reducing travel, improving access to specialists, aiding in the management of chronic illnesses, and addressing professional shortages, it offers a workable solution to healthcare disparities. However, problems like infrastructure limitations and technological literacy need ongoing attention to ensure equitable, long-term access for all.
Keywords: Applications of telemedicine; history of telemedicine; telemedicine in family medicine; telemedicine in India; telemedicine in public health; types of telemedicine