Medicon Publications

This article introduces CiesMap software, developed in Visual Studio 2022, designed to collect and manage information about photovoltaic systems (PV systems) in Cuba. It was applied in the diagnostic assessment of PV systems in the municipality of Guamá, Santiago de Cuba. CiesMap enables the recording of technical data such as location, generation capacity, and operational status of PV systems. Using an interactive satellite view through the GMap control, the software facilitates the identification of settlements and PV systems with color-coded markers. Moreover, CiesMap integrates with an Access database for storing and monitoring PV system information. This tool optimizes energy resource management, enhances strategic planning, and facilitates data-driven decision-making, thereby improving the operational efficiency of PV systems.
Keywords: CiesMap; Visual Studio; Database; C#; Photovoltaic Systems

Aluminum alloys have received wide attention in the field of industry in recent times due to their lightweight, high resistance to corrosion, and ease of formation. In addition to their availability and affordability, the problems that occur in the welding of aluminum by traditional methods make the friction stir welding process one of the most important welding processes. This solid-state welding process was discovered in 1991 by TUW and is widely used in the welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. In our research, we welded two important aluminum alloys in the industry (A7075/AA6061) with a thickness of 3mm. We changed some welding process parameters, including tool pin length, feed rate, and rotational speed. After placing an alloy (AA 6061) in the advanced side and tilting the tool, we examined the welded samples to find out the effect of the aforementioned parameters on the tensile strength and resulting hardness. We found that the length of the tool pin has the greatest influence on these properties, as they increase with the increase in the length of the pin. We also noted that the rotation speed and feed rate have a joint effect on the mechanical properties. The highest hardness was obtained at feed rates of 20 and 45 mm/min and rotational speeds of 1200 and 900 rpm, respectively. The highest tensile strength of 209 Mpa was obtained at a rotation speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 20 mm/min.
Keywords: Friction stir welding; pin length; AA7075 and AA6061 aluminum alloys

The global warming, which is driven by the human activities and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases viz. CO₂ and methane, poses significant risks worldwide. These risks include but are not limited to the rising levels of the oceans, disruptive weather conditions, and chaos to ecosystems and biodiversity. These changes are severe threat to the natural environments, health of human and animal kingdom, food security, and economic stability (IPCC, 2021).

Having worked in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for over a decade, specializing in sustainability and environmental projects, I have observed the transformative impact of landscaping construction on addressing these challenges. My involvement in some of Dubai and Abu Dhabi’s largest greenery and park projects has provided insights into how strategic landscaping can help mitigate global warming.

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing the way we interact with information. But these powerful tools do not operate in a vacuum. We need instructions to guide LLMs towards the desired outcome. This is where prompt engineering comes in. LLMs are trained on massive datasets of text and code. While this imbues them with vast knowledge, it doesn't guarantee they will understand our specific requests. A poorly written request can send the LLM into a rabbit hole, resulting in meaningless or irrelevant text.

In spite of the budding interest of researchers, policymakers and practitioners, there are still differing and disjointed conceptualizations of sustainable regional and trans-border infrastructure (SRTBI) as its meadow is still emerging. In an effort to fill this research gap, this study reviews and synthesizes SRTBI research to identify core publication vents and papers, key theoretical and methodological approaches, and key variables of interest that exist in the SRTBI literature, and provides directions for future research.

Chemical-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) represents a pivotal technology in the petroleum industry, aimed at maximizing the extraction of hydrocarbons from reservoirs. Traditional oil recovery methods typically leave a substantial portion of the oil in the reservoir, making EOR techniques crucial for boosting extraction efficiency. Among the various chemical EOR methods, polymer flooding stands out due to its ability to improve the viscosity of the displacing fluid, thus enhancing the sweep efficiency and reducing the mobility ratio. This manuscript explores the application of polymeric composites in chemical EOR, highlighting their formulation, mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and recent advancements.

A major threat for the agriculture is to feed ever increasing global population, simultaneously need for decreasing the environmental effect and conserving natural resources for the coming generations. Agriculture impacts on environment negatively and positively. But the negative impacts are so serious as pollution and deterioration in soil, water, and air. The agriculture has also beneficially effect on environment as carbon sequestering in food crops and soils or reducing flood threats by following some sustainable farming practices. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development checking relationship among the environment and agriculture recognized policies for agriculture, which are beneficial to reduce the harmful effects on environment while increasing the beneficial impacts and gives the direction to enhance policy consistence of the agricultural sector for the environmental production.

This research examined the necessity of the use of the Raster calculator tool of the map algebra in ArcGis for calculating the indices for enhanced and soil adjusted vegetation indices. The values acquired will then be used to cautiously observe the growth of sugarcane from the planting stage to harvesting stage. maps will be generated, green and red colors will be used to show bad health and good health of sugarcane. Additionally, after adequate examination, it was realized that when these broad band indices are made into maps it can be used in monitoring the growth of sugarcane in these regions.
Keywords: Enhanced Vegetation Indices; Fadama

With the current world population being at 8 billion and still counting, there is an urgent need to tackle the questions in food security, which can be answered by improvements in the various crop species and their sustainable management practices. These improvements can include the production of various stress resistant crops, that cause minimal resource exhaustion. Thus, in order to produce such novel crop strains, approaches such as Nano Omics can be employed. Also, introduction of certain properties and changes in certain metabolic pathways of plants can lead to them being much more suited for sustainable agricultural practices. Omics refers to the holistic approach of studying (quantifying, localizing, characterization) of all the essential components of a biological body, such as, genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites. The amalgamation of this knowledge with the emerging field of nanotechnology can bring about revolutionary amendments in the field of crop improvement and crop management, that would lead to better sustainable agricultural practices and food security. Omics technology (specifically, Genomics) has already enabled the development of crops like, drought tolerant maize, Flavr savr tomato, rice with higher grain production, etc. Besides, there has also been the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in precision agriculture to improve crop quality, nutritional value, pathogen resistance, and most significantly to improve crop resilience against extreme climatic conditions. Additionally, ENMs have been used in various crop management practices and experiments to detect nano-toxicity, or as carriers or active material in nano- enabled pesticides. Hence, employing these approaches would also help in the development of agricultural practices that are both sustainable and resilient to the ever-changing climatic conditions, but what one needs to understand is the abundance of such techniques which often remain unemployed due to lack of feasibility.
Keywords: Engineered nanomaterials; Nanotechnology; Nano-toxicity; Omics; Agriculture

Hill Agroforestry Systems (HAS) are often characterized by the integration of woody perennials with other crops like cereal, pulses, vegetables and livestock on steep sloppy terrain where agrarian lands are managed through terrace farming. It forms an integration of various plant species and their interactions with other ecological components which plays a crucial role in sustainable land-use management and environment conservation. Usually in hilly regions, farming is predominantly of subsistence type. Due to rough terrain and harsh climatic conditions, fear of human animal conflict and poor soil productivity, farmers here often face challenges while maintain their farmlands and the livestock.

Adopting climate-resilient agriculture practices can indeed enhance income security by mitigating the risks posed by climate change. It involves implementing strategies that help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions, such as droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures. These practices can include crop diversification, improved water management, soil conservation, and the use of resilient crop varieties. By adopting such practices, farmers can better protect their crops and livelihoods against climate-related risks, ultimately leading to improved income security.
Climate-resilient agriculture refers to practices, technologies, and systems that help agriculture adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. These approaches aim to maintain or increase agricultural productivity while enhancing the resilience of farming systems to climate variability and extreme weather events.

As the global population rapidly grows to 10 billion by 2050, the need for sustainable and efficient food production has never been pressing. The most recent statistics indicates that, global aquaculture production hit a record-breaking 130.90 million tons in 2022 (SOFIA, 2024). The aquaculture sector, which is already indispensable in providing global food demands, is facing growing challenges, including rising feed costs, pollution, and the need to reduce its dependence on traditional fishmeal and soybean meal. In this crossroads, the arrival of insects is a boon to the industry because they represent an understated yet revolutionary subject in the quest for sustainable aquaculture. Insects, particularly black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have emerged as strong options for inclusion in aqua feeds (Singh et al., 2023). Their protein content is comparable to fishmeal, indicating a remarkable amino acid profile required for aquatic animals' growth and health. According to studies, insect protein can effectively substitute up to 50% of fishmeal in diets for a number of fish species without affecting growth performance or feed efficiency (Siddaiah et al., 2023). This substitution not only reduces pressure on wild fish species, but also promotes to create a more balanced and resilient food system. Furthermore, insects are not only a feasible protein source; they are also high in lipids, vitamins, and minerals, which boost the nutritional content of aqua-feeds (Ardra et al., 2024). The inclusion of them in fish diets has been related to improved intestinal health, disease resistance, and even better quality products in terms of flavour and texture. As research reveals the many benefits of insect-based feed, the potential for wider adoption in the industry grows tremendously.

Objective: To study the immediate and long-term results of revascularizing osteotrepanation and lumbar sympathectomy in patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities (CILE) on the background of distal arterial steno-occlusion.
Material and methods: The results of standard treatment and the use of various types of indirect revascularization in 171 patients with CILE against the background of distal arterial steno-occlusion were analyzed. The etiological factors of CILE were obliterating atherosclerosis (115 patients) and thromboangiitis obliterans (56 patients). The level of arterial damage: femoropopliteal segment -26 (15.2%), popliteal-tibial segment -56 (32.7%), tibial-foot segment -50 (29.2%), foot - 25 (14.6%), multilevel lesion -14 (8.2%). To establish a diagnosis and assess the results of treatment, changes in the clinical status of patients were traced, Doppler ultrasound with angioscanning, multispiral computer-tomographic angiography, rheovasography were performed, and skin oxygen saturations were determined. The immediate results of treatment were assessed by the Rutherford R.B. et al. (1997) scale.
Results: 48 patients (control group) underwent standard treatment. The following types of indirect revascularization were performed to stimulate regional circulation: revascularizing osteotrepanation (ROT) in 64 patients, lumbar sympathectomy (LSE) in 59 patients. In patients with CILE against the background of distal arterial steno-occlusion, ROT and LSE improve the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment, make it possible to preserve the supporting function of the limb, reduce the frequency of rehospitalization, and continue an active lifestyle.
Conclusions: Correlation and statistical analysis revealed a significant dependence of the results obtained on the method of revascularization. The technical simplicity of performing the operation of ROT and LSE creates the prerequisites for the introduction of surgical departments of multidisciplinary clinics in daily practice.
Keywords: distal occlusion of the arteries; critical ischemia of the lower extremities; revascularizing osteotrepanation; lumbar sympathectomy

Quinoa has recently gain popularity since the declaration of International Year of Quinoa in 2013. However, there are still limited reviews on quinoa in terms of nutrition and health. Thus, the aim of this 10-year systematic review is to assess the nutritional profile and potential health benefits of quinoa. PubMed search was done on 10 January 2024 and 164 papers were identified within the past 10 years (1 January 2014 to 1 January 2024). After exclusions, a total of 35 papers were included in this systematic review. The 35 papers were categorised into three main themes: (a) effects of processing techniques, (b) potential health benefits, and (c) genotype and phenotype variation.

Objective: The Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO) course was designed as a two-day interprofessional course to equip participants to manage various low frequency obstetrical emergencies nationally and internationally. It is used nationally by numerous Family Medicine Residency programs to improve safety in maternity care, optimize team-based care, and showcase obstetrical care by family physicians. In 2017, the course was redesigned into a one-day course, yet the outcomes of this new course design have not been examined. This study assessed non-inferiority for confidence in managing emergencies and skills before and after the single day ALSO course.
Methods: Participants completed questionnaires before and immediately following ALSO training assessing confidence managing OB emergencies: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, malpresentations/malposition/multiple gestations, assisted vaginal delivery, shoulder dystocia, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal resuscitation/trauma. A Likert scale was used with response choices ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) for each item.
Results: Over three sessions, 69 participants received ALSO training (49 pre-surveys and 36 post-surveys completed). Of the participants, 24 (51.0%) were first year residents, 6 (12.2%) were second year residents, 5 (10.2%) were third year residents, 6 (6.1%) were attending physicians, 3 (6.1%) were nurses, 1 (2.0%) midwife, and 6 (12.2%) were medical students. Total confidence managing individual conditions increased significantly from pre- to post-survey (p<0.001).
Conclusions: The one day ALSO course demonstrates improved confidence in obstetrical emergencies immediately after the course for all conditions. It is non-inferior to the previous 2- day training course.
Keywords: Family Medicine Obstetrics; Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics

During the last decades, patient faith in physicians has declined. Doctors are distrusted for several reasons, including incorrect conclusions that had fatal consequences for patients. Doctors may have prescribed inappropriate medications which produced negative effects or didn't benefit patients. Medical blunders have sometimes occurred due to carelessness or neglecting information. Patients feel abandoned and don't know what their doctors are doing. Customers are even less trusting of the medical industry due to excessive pricing and lack of transparency. All of these things have made people more skeptical of the medical system, which has caused the doctor-patient relationship to break down. Doctors must address these challenges and regain patient trust to improve healthcare.
Keywords: doctor-patient relationship; large language model; Mind Genomics; trust in physicians

There are some nature radiations from the ground and we discuss sun light for human health as well we protect some of sun light beams. Another daily life radiation, we discuss the activated LED for health. We also discussed the water transparence of weak energy radiation like THz. We followed the radiation from the Fukushima contaminated soils, and its reduction by the activated water resulting in nuclear transformation to obtain the stable elements. From our experiments, we presume tritium to generate lithium by the nuclear transformation.

The curriculum of our medical career proposes a humanistic training model for medical students that includes as objectives: increasing their self-knowledge, personal emotional growth, cognitive and critical development, fostering the spirit of solidarity, encouraging enthusiasm and balance in their academic and then professional life (and in their entire life), and an empathetic and compassionate behavior with patients.
Different authors and scholars dedicated to humanistic training in medicine have proposed various educational models. William Branch, who can be considered a pioneer of the inclusion of humanism in undergraduate medicine, and his proposals, along with those of other authors who emphasize the value of narrative, reflection, and humanistic development integrated into clinical training, have been powerful inspirations for our program.

Anemia is one of the major leading health concerns globally and India is one of the leading countries contributing to the global burden of anemia. Anemia plays out differently depending on the group that is struggling with the condition. Women of reproductive age (WRA) are one of the most vulnerable groups to this condition and maternal anemia is associated with increased mortality. The physical diagnosis of anemia is often based on clinical signs alone such as pallor of the conjunctivae, nail beds, face, palms, and palmar creases. Anemia can also be determined by biomarker assessment which is Hb concentration. It is the most preferred biomarker for diagnosis. HemoQR is a Hb detection test kit consisting of a detection strip and a software application which enables immediate reporting and data-driven decision making. It is a point-of-care test based on a mobile application, making it user-friendly and low maintenance to be used anytime, anywhere. In this paper we have done a comparative study of HemoQR and Hematology Analyzer using 24 EDTA blood samples. The study was conducted in Patkar laboratory. The results showed 95% repeatability and 96% reproducibility for the Haemoglobin Detection Kit.

The essential function of SIGN water is a chemical reduction by infoton, < H⁺~e^- > which is the pico-sized particle (1/1000 of nanometer). The epidermis in a skin contains 60% water giving good effects as well as blood in capillaries. Water plays an important role regardless of the lens and vitreous body in the eyes. We introduce to cure thyroid gland and kidney diseases with water. The Alzheimer’s disease must be a total issue in the body due to the brain, and the disease can be cured by the reductive action of the infoton in the water. Furthermore, if a proton in the infoton, < H⁺~e^- >, works effectively for a nuclear transmutation at room temperature, then the radioactive body could be decontaminated with the water.
Keywords: pico-sized water; skin; cataract; thyroid; kidney; Alzheimer’s; radiation reduction

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) constitute a substantial global health challenge, particularly in developing nations where environmental, socioeconomic, and health factors contribute to their widespread prevalence. This study focuses on protozoan parasites and soil-transmitted helminths, assessing their prevalence and exploring potential shifts in infection rates amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material & Methods: A retrospective analysis of 3070 stool samples collected from patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow, spanning from January 2018 to December 2023, was conducted. The data were categorized by age groups, gender, and seasonal variations. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and t-tests, were employed to evaluate the significance of differences in infection rates across seasons and pre-and post-COVID-19 periods.
Results: The study revealed varying prevalence rates across age groups, with the 20-40 age group exhibiting the highest IPI prevalence at 9.6%. Gender disparities were observed, with higher rates in males. Notably, a decrease in IPI cases was observed post-2020, aligning with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Ancylostoma duodenale, Hymenolopsis nana, Ascaris, and Strongyloides were identified in the stool samples, with a shift in prevalence post-2020.
Conclusion: This retrospective study provides insights into the complex relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. The observed decline in IPI cases post-2020 suggests the unintended positive consequences of pandemic-induced lifestyle changes on parasitic infections and effect of antiparasitic drugs which were taken porphetically during pandemic. However, the study acknowledges limitations, and future research employing more sensitive diagnostic methods is recommended.
Keywords: protozoan parasites; retrospective study; prevalence; covid-19; intestinal parasitic infections

This study presents the case of a 55-year-old woman from a rural village in Uttar Pradesh, North India, with a history of rheumatic heart disease. Over the past 3-4 years, she experienced nonspecific symptoms including intermittent fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath, with reported exposure to pets and animals. Radiological assessments revealed a solitary hydatid cyst in the left lung, confirmed by microscopic examination of hydatid fluid and subsequent microbiological analysis detecting Echinococcus spp. The patient underwent surgical intervention alongside treatment with antiparasitic drugs for management.
Keywords: Tapeworm; Chest pain; Cestode; Hydatid fluid; Echinococcus

Teacher evaluation forms in their current format are not useful appraisal instruments for performance testing and improving academic courses. These tools fall short in accuracy, validity and reliability in their design. A more useful approach should visit the potential for interactions between factor levels within the instrument together with hypothesis testing for variations in the mean responses solicited from the subjects which can harbor latent errors, misconceptions and imperfections in the findings.
A two-way policy agreement between teacher and student is therefore proposed in this paper for sign off by both teacher and student. The agreement is then tested for violations from both parties and whether there is any bias in the responses.
A statistical analysis is adopted to test the significance in the population differences in the means of dependent variables of choice in the instrument and for variance in the means of the factor levels used in the instrument. Logistic regression is finally instituted for self- test evaluation to determine the odds of a good performance rating (from a teacher), if you are a teacher over if you are not (student) for the same policy instrument. The scores for the teacher from the student on the teacher’s instrument and the scores the teacher gives himself from the same teacher’s instrument are compared.
The final product offers schools and universities an improved method for justifying students’ evaluation of their lecturers while allowing the lecturers to evaluate themselves and can be extended for use in business organizations for conducting appraisals of workers. The instrument’s reliability and validity are also tested as a quality control measure.
Keywords: Teacher evaluation; statistical analysis; odds ratio; appraisal instruments; quality control

Background: Acute pancreatitis results from abnormal activation of pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory mediators, leading to an acute inflammatory process. It ranges from mild to life-threatening and is a frequent cause of acute abdominal issues. While its prevalence is rising globally, the specific incidence in Ethiopia remains unknown, with only two hospital-based studies conducted.
Objective: To assess the management outcome and associated factors of Acute Pancreatitis among patients admitted with acute abdomen.
Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 60 patients with acute pancreatitis. SPSS statistical software version 25 was used for data entry and analysis. Fisher’s exact test used to see association and p-value<0.05 considered stastically significant.
Result: The study found that abdominal pain was the most common symptom by most patients. The most frequent physical findings were tachycardia with abdominal tenderness, followed by abdominal tenderness alone. The primary identified etiology was alcohol in 36.2% of cases, followed by idiopathic, gallstone, and multiple causes in 29.3%, 19%, and 15.5% respectively. The majority of patients had mild acute pancreatitis, with 13.8% and 29.3% experiencing severe and moderate forms, respectively. Most (91.4%) patients showed improvement upon discharge, while 8.6% died in the hospital. Mortality in acute pancreatitis was associated with comorbidities (P<0.023), delayed presentation (P<0.013), age ≥60 years (P<0.003), BISAP >2(P<0.001), and severe acute pancreatitis (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The study identified alcohol, idiopathic causes, and gallstones as the most common etiologies. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis relies on clinical presentation, elevated pancreatic enzyme levels, and imaging for uncertain cases. Management typically involves conservative measures. Morbidity and mortality outcomes in acute pancreatitis heavily rely on timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Keywords: Acute Pancreatitis; Etiologies; Severity scoring

Man gets tired, but machines don’t get tired. Man can become emotional at times, but Machines do not allow emotion to influence their judgement. And finally, Machines make decisions faster and machines can be programmed to learn more rapidly than humans.

Aiming at the problem of difficult scaling and high risk in experimental determination under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, a prediction model of calcium carbonate scaling under high-temperature and high-pressure was established. The model starts from chemical equilibrium conditions, based on the carbonate gas-liquid-solid three-phase equilibrium conditions, considering the interaction between carbon dioxide concentration and various ions, using the solubility product rule to establish, using the Pitzer model to solve the compound activity coefficient, and calculating the parameters such as equilibrium constant and gas activity in the solution through the experimental regression model. The model can accurately predict the solubility of calcium carbonate in different aqueous solutions, which the error in pure water and barium chloride solution is within 5%, and the error considering the influence of carbon dioxide partial pressure is 14%. Using the model can accurately predict the scaling situation of the system under high temperature and high pressure, and has theoretical guiding significance for the implementation of downhole scale prevention process.
Keywords: High-temperature and high-pressure; Scale formation; The prediction model

Sewage is a climate linked science in that C and N containing compounds before their final sequestration stage are the most potential GHGs like CH4 and N2O. Therefore, their sequestration and or fixation is THE AIM of sewage treatment. Besides public health the sewage management is about climate health. All organic compounds in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), must be addressed at molecular level and not in terms of tonnage and billions of dollars invested on infrastructure and technology. Rivers are the anaerobic digesters of this planet. The process begins at zero order streams and urbanism has destroyed them long ago. Above all sustainable cities are a myth. Evaluation of conventional STPs reveal that it is a living cell membrane with a sandwich structure and gas diffusion through it goes beyond Boyle’s law. Aeration and dilution for pumping convenience is a flawed path. Argument is that if atmospheric oxygen can be taken by a microbe in the aeration process, why do plant cells require Nitrifiers to take atmospheric nitrogen? Although CO2 concentration is 0.04 % against nitrogen (79%). Henry’s law if applicable should not permit CO2 uptake by plants. Study reveals that Sewage degradation is an energy releasing path, any external input interferes with the process. Sewage treatment or transfer? Conventional STPs emphasize only gravitational pull. Also environmental quality is compromised as the aerosol from the treatment plant is carried in the atmosphere. STPs are throwing in the air Nitrous oxide and aerosol. Further this paper explains the Molecular nature of the sludge and conversion of Fecal acetate to Sludge acetate in ASP, achieving nothing in terms of wastewater treatment. Propagating the science of sewage and nature based solution for the wastewater treatment is the goal of this study.

Keywords: Sewage science; conventional STPs; Activated sludge; role of Microbes

This study aims to assess the natural background radiation from shisha and evaluate the hazard level. The main part of this study was to estimate the annual effective dosage from inhalation, which will help to clarify the health hazards related to breathing in the radioactive materials included in shishas. The activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides was measured in six shisha samples using gamma spectroscopy using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The specific activity of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in shisha samples ranged from 1.29 ± 0.63 to 9.45 ± 4.5 Bq kg^-1 with an average of 6.76± 2.83, 2.436.76 ±2.83 to 12.46 + 13.5 Bq kg^-1 with an average of 7.96 ± 14.6 to 364.9 ± 0.0 Bq kg^-1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity for all samples ranged from 6.65 to 53.91 with an average of 33.92 ± 15, respectively below the world-recommended limit. The absorbed dose rate (DR) for all samples ranged from 3.09 to 26.47 nGyh^-1 with an average of 16.48 ±7.53 nGyh^-1 compared with the world average of 60 nGyh^-1. The value of the external hazard index, or yearly effective dosage equivalent, is less than the globally recognized limit, which is a unit. The AEDE was indoor and outdoor varied from 0.015 to 0.145 mSvy^--1 with an average of 0.090 mSvy^--1 and ranged from 0.04 to 0.036 with an average of 0.023 mSvy^-1, respectively. The value of ELCR ranged from 0.066 to 0.568(10^-3) with an average of 0.313(10^-3). According to these findings, the activities of radium equivalent in all the shisha samples are lesser than the limit (370 Bq kg^-1) recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report, and the annual effective dose was within the safe limit of 1 mSvy^-1.

Keywords: Ionizing radiation; specific activity; External index; Internal index; shisha; Dose rate

Botanical studies and environmental monitoring rely heavily on accurate species identification, including the Iris family. In this research, we present a unique method for employing a Decision Tree classifier to speed up the process of recognizing Iris plant species from their leaves alone. The information included measurements of sepal and petal length and breadth, among other characteristics of Iris leaves. We cleaned up the data, performed feature selection, and separated it into training and test sets as part of the preprocessing. The model was then trained using the training data and a Decision Tree method. During testing, the trained model showed impressive accuracy in distinguishing Iris species. Based on our findings, it seems that the Decision Tree technique may accurately classify Iris species by leaf characteristics. This automated method shows promise for assisting conservation efforts in many habitats and improving species identification in botanical research.Other study might entail incorporating this method into mobile apps for in-the-field, real-time species identification using other machine learning approaches.
Keywords: Decision tree classifier; iris leaf features; plant species identification

The objective of this work is to develop image quality control programs with M software that allow the automation of image analysis in radiodiagnostic areas, including computed tomography (CT), conventional X-ray and mammography images. For each of these imaging equipment, automatic image analysis software was designed. This allowed the creation of a simple and robust interface, capable of speeding up measurement times and ensuring repeatability of the tests.
Keywords: Radiodiagnostics; medical physics; quality control; medical informatics

In the intricate web of Earth's carbon cycle, the soil emerges as a silent yet formidable hero, donning the mantle of a masterful carbon sequestration artist, weaving a tapestry of ecological stability and climate resilience. Imagine, if you will, the soil as a vast underground repository, a secret vault where the Earth stores away its atmospheric carbon, safeguarding the delicate balance of our planet's climate.

Hacking used to be linked with computer enthusiasts making positive improvements. But now, it has split into two sides: ethical and unethical practices. Originating from MIT's hacker culture, the paper examines the mindset, motivations, and influences behind the transition of hackers, in unauthorized and harmful activities, known as "black hat" hacking. Hackers, initially driven by a dream to enhance human life through computers, became divided into black hats and white hats, separated by a fuzzy gray line. While both possess technical expertise, black hats engage in bad activities driven by motivations such as financial gain, revenge, ideology, curiosity, ego, and enjoyment. Money and ego emerge as primary influencers leading hackers towards the black hat path. The study emphasizes the interplay of technical skills, human vulnerabilities, and hacking methods. Despite the negative impact, black hat activities unintentionally contribute to technological progress. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the human aspect of hacking in the evolving digital landscape.

Keywords: hacker; black hat; white hat; mindset; motivation; influence

Due to their unique ability of changing shape based on external stimulus, smart materials are finding applications in diverse fields like electronics, medical, construction etc. Smart materials include thermochromic pigments, shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys, self-healing materials and hydrogels. Self-healing materials are man-made substances that have an integral ability to spontaneously heal damages themselves without any diagnosis and human. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing has become popular all around the globe due to benefits like reduced wastage, ease of customization, rapid prototyping and direct production. Combined use of 3D printing and concept of smart materials have led to the development of 4D printing. This paper presents an overview of the smart materials and its detailed classification. An attempt is also made to present the application of additive manufacturing on smart materials and the latest research trends in the domain.

Keywords: Smart Materials; Shape Memory Alloys; Self-Healing Materials; Additive Manufacturing; 3D Printing; 4D Printing

We report the rice plant growth and increase three times harvest, putting smoked charcoals and the activated generator in the rice field. Regarding onions, we found a sweet, less-than-sharp taste, putting the activated hemp tape on the ground of the onion farm for the spring onion. We discussed the photosynthesis of onion without sunlight using SIGN water, which emits far-infrared and THz electromagnetic waves. We estimated the mechanism of potassium and phosphorus activating the efficiency of enzymes in the process. We also reported the sweetness of fruits like oranges and persimmon. In Happy Spring, we introduced the flowers blooming in the author’s garden.
Keywords: rice plant; smoked charcoal; pico-sized water; chlorophyll function; onion

This article analyses the current situation and proposes a solution for the key links in “linking together for five houses” (The Government (State); Scientists; Enterprises; Farmers; Banks) in An Giang province, Vietnam. Besides, this article provides some of recommendations solutions for sustainable agricultural development through the five-house linkage model in An Giang province, Vietnam.

The climate change has both positive as well as negative effect on agriculture. Therefore, to minimize losses due to climate change, researches should be done in this area to ensure food security to the increasing populations. The surface water, underground water, drinking water and rain water are affected adversely due to anthropogenically accelerated climate change. Therefore, there is need ensuring of quality of water, land, air and environment for plants and animal security and livelihood. Agriculture supports 70 percent of the population in India for livelihood Security. But due to neglect it is unable to harness its true potential. India has all the ingredients for an agro-industrial revolution –man, money and material but due to the absence of entrepreneurship, there is hardly any value added activity at the farm level and 98 percent of our farm produce is sold in the raw form. It is therefore there is need of a large scale training and entrepreneurship development programmes be launched annually in the farm sector.