Medicon Publications

Cadaba farinosa leaves are used in Ayurvedic medicine to cleanse snake bites, as well as for fevers, as a laxative to eliminate intestinal parasites, and to cure diabetes (Jefferson et al., 2014).
The powdered sample extraction was carried out according to method described by El-Mohmood (2009). Serial exhaustive extraction was carried out by maceration using solvents of increasing polarity with the aid of separating funnel containing 500 g of the stem bark. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening in other to identify the various classes of phytochemicals using the methods described by Jarvis, (2020). The screening was done to identify alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, proteins/ amino acids, triterphenoids/ steroids and anthraquinones.
The result of the phytochemical screening is presented in Table 1. The methanol extracts contain all the phytochemicals screened except anthraquinone.
Keywords: Cadaba Farinosa; Phytochemical Screening; Maceration

This research paper delves into the rich tapestry of ethnomedicinal plant diversity prevalent in the Lower Jhelum Valley of the Kashmir Himalaya. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing economic and ethnobotanical perspectives, the study aims to shed light on the invaluable contributions of indigenous flora to traditional medicine practices and local economies. A total of 130 plant species have been cataloged for their ethnomedicinal applications, encompassing treatments for a diverse array of ailments including asthma, boils, constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatism, cardiac and respiratory disorders, colds, coughs, fevers, toothaches, cholera, ulcers, skin afflictions, wounds, injuries, worm infestations, chest infections, and hysteria. Furthermore, numerous plant species with various economic utilities have been identified. Specifically, 10 species are utilized for timber production, 5 species for furniture manufacturing, 19 species as fuel sources, 45 species as fodder for livestock, and 18 species as wild vegetables and fruits. Additionally, several plant species serve multiple purposes such as agricultural implements production, honey production, spices, condiments, flavorings, coloring agents, cosmetics, perfumery, toiletries, dyes, tanning agents, and artistic materials. Moreover, these plants also contribute to the human diet by providing cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and oilseeds.
Keywords: Exploration; Enumeration; Asthma; Rheumatism; Infections; Cosmetic

Heat stress is a major threat to global agricultural productivity, with rising temperatures due to climate change exacerbating this challenge. This article examines the impact of heat stress on crop yield, focusing on the physiological and biochemical processes affected in plants. High temperatures disrupt photosynthesis, respiration, and water relations, leading to reduced growth and impaired reproductive development. The article explores various crops, including wheat, rice, and maize, highlighting their specific responses to heat stress. It also discusses strategies to mitigate the adverse effects, such as breeding heat-tolerant varieties, employing agronomic practices, and utilizing biotechnological interventions. Through a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind heat stress and the implementation of effective solutions, it is possible to enhance the resilience of crop plants and sustain agricultural productivity in the face of global climate change.

Present principles of water policy in India and its evolution over time forming National water policy in 1987 & its subsequent revision in 2002 & 2012. In specific, it introspects the state water policy of Maharashtra (2019) focusing on its concern & challenges in water supply chain of Mumbai. It addresses the need of water resource planning due to uncertain climate changes & its impact in future water policy by M/o Jal Shakti.

The African continent have diverse climatic conditions and so has diversity of trees. It is well said that “nature finds its way to perish”. These trees are full of amazing utilities including medicinal values. No wonder since ancient times the tribal people have been using those trees for their survival and health benefits. This is the revelation of the secret and toughness of the tribals is revealed. Let’s have a brief of the ten most amazing trees of Africa.

This paper examines a procedure to lower the noise of the system. The system under study is a 4-Slot Server. This Server has 3fan trays each of which has two fans. Our objective is to reduce the noise level. The procedure we adopt is the Constructal Approach [1]. The Constructal Law states that: “ For a finite size system to persist in time, it should evolve in a manner to provide an easier access to fluid going through it”. In past publications devoted to this subject in Industrial Contexts we studied the Condenser of Refrigerator, Thermal management under microgravity, Charger best design and quite recently the noise reduction in a 2-RU Server.
Keywords: Constructal Law; Noise Reduction; Vortex Ring; Correlations

In the Russian Federation, the positive balance of production/consumption of technical sulfur is increasing, which contributes to the consideration of the use of sulfur as a low-carbon binder in the production of large-tonnage building materials and products. The successes achieved in the modification of technical sulfur [5] not only make it possible to produce high-strength chemically and moisture-resistant products from it, but also to start developing materials for road surfaces. Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), after successfully conducting pilot tests of sulfur modification processes and the production of road slabs from modified sulfur concrete and composite reinforcement, is preparing a pilot industrial production of sulfur concrete mixtures. This opens up wide opportunities for the creation and testing of innovative technologies for the production of sulfur concrete road surfaces, making the most of the advantages of grey concrete as a thermoplastic material. Such a promising technological direction is the heating of pre-prepared sulfur concrete mixtures at the installation site using microwave induction installations and additives developed for the repair of induction-susceptible asphalt concrete coatings [3]. The article provides an analysis of the results achieved in the development of appropriate modified sulfur binders and samples of sulfur concrete based on them, as well as the formulation of research and technological tasks related to the development of compositions and structures of coatings from modified sulfur concrete mixtures specialized for the technology of their microwave heating and laying directly "on the road". The successful solution of these tasks can ensure the creation of a new highly efficient technology for the construction and repair of modified road concrete pavements with a minimum carbon footprint throughout the entire life cycle. The thermoplastic nature of the sulfur binder, which opens up the possibility of its reusable repair and recycling, allows us to hope for the most important prospects for its joint use with microwave induction technologies as the main type of binder for the Arctic territories.
Keywords: Sulfur concrete; Sulfur concrete mixture; Modified sulfur binder; Road pavement; UHF induction

Storage of solar energy is an important issue as solar radiation is a time-dependent energy source, i.e. has an intermittent character. Thus, the energy source and the heating demands of the systems do not match. Solar thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat (water and rock), latent heat (water/ice and salt hydrates), heat of reaction, or combination of these. Parameters including storage period required, economic viability or operating conditions are effective on selection of these methods [1].
The use of solar energy in drying is becoming an important and viable alternative since it decreases consumption of conventional energy, and improves production efficiency. Solar drying helps to overcome the inherent disadvantage of open sun drying i.e. it protects the product from unpredicted rain, wind-borne dirt and dust, Infestation by insects, rodents etc... Using a solar dryer, the drying time can be shortened by about 65% compared to the open sun drying because the efficiency of dryer is higher, and its payback period ranges from 2~4 years depending on the rate of utilization [2].

Streets are considered to be a major urban element in any city in the world. Studying them and how they are interconnected together helps understand how vibrancy in urban settlements is created or fixed. This paper is an extension to a previously published paper where it compares the effect of different urban elements resulted from streets and streets network in different districts. It investigates the correlation between streets attributes of length, width, integration and choice with pedestrians flow and vehicular movement.
Keywords: Urban Form; Vibrancy; Connectivity; Space Syntax

Engineering is a constantly evolving field where technological innovation plays a central role in improving processes and performance. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most powerful drivers of this transformation, revolutionizing various sectors such as civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering. This article explores the opportunities AI offers in engineering and the challenges that must be addressed for optimal adoption.

Erosion in hydro power plant has proven to be a great problem from a long time which occurs mainly due to suspended silt particles in water which flows through the turbines components and impacts at high velocities during the normal operating condition. And also metal loss due to cavitation phenomenon particularly in the trailing edges of runner blades leads to severe erosion damages in turbine components. The service life of presently used hydro turbine stainless steel is affected by the hardness, carbide size, process conditions as well as porosity. Thus the assessment of both cavitation as well as silt factors are prerequisite for the quantitative prediction of erosion damage behaviour of the turbine components. Also the identification of critical erosion and cavitation intensity zones are important from the view point of selection of specific coatings on those regions to achieve improved service life. The formation of erosion damage mechanisms in the base hydro steel materials shall pave way for development of high performance coating materials with improved service life. As the cavitation and silt erosion resistance properties are directly affected by the coating process conditions, optimization of these parameters is necessary for achieving improved life expectancy in hard coatings. The erosion resistance of thermal spay coatings have been studied in depth using cavitation and silt erosion test setup, respectively. The supporting tests such as porosity, hardness microstructure, surface roughness, indentation toughness and cavitation/silt damage assessment have been carried out on coating materials. The silt erosion test have been performed at different velocities and impact angles of the jet nozzle. The mechanism of metal removal has been identified and studied from the point of view of surface degradation.

Hip joint instability in young adults presents a significant orthopedic challenge, often arising from conditions like trauma, septic arthritis, developmental dysplasia, or other childhood hip pathologies. The condition is characterized by pain, limb length discrepancy, Trendelenburg gait, and functional limitations. Treatment aims to restore hip stability, alleviate pain, and correct associated deformities. Conventional approaches such as hip arthrodesis or total hip arthroplasty (THA) have limitations, including loss of range of motion, back pain, or the need for revision surgeries in younger patients.
This study explores the efficacy of Ilizarov hip reconstruction combined with pelvic support osteotomy as an alternative for addressing unstable hips in young adults. The technique includes proximal femoral valgus osteotomy and distal femoral osteotomy for limb length equalization, mechanical axis realignment, and improved hip biomechanics. Two patients with hip instability secondary to septic arthritis underwent this procedure. Preoperative planning included radiological assessments for osteotomy site determination and deformity correction using software-guided SUV systems. Postoperative evaluation involved radiographic follow-ups and assessment of mechanical axis alignment, limb length discrepancy, and functional outcomes.
The results demonstrated significant improvements in limb length, mechanical axis alignment, and Modified Harris Hip Scores, along with elimination of Trendelenburg gait. Complications, including pin site infections and mild residual discrepancies, were effectively managed. Compared to THA, this approach showed reduced revision rates, better biomechanical restoration, and enhanced functional outcomes in young patients.
Ilizarov hip reconstruction emerges as a viable option for managing unstable hips in young adults, providing effective correction of deformities and improved long-term functionality.
Keywords: unstable hips; ilizarov; hip reconstruction; young adults

The travelling wave theory was proclaimed by Georgy von Bekesy (1899-1972) in 1928. The author attempted to explain physiological processes by means of physics and mechanics alone. Bekesy's successors tried to modernise this theory. Not much attention has been paid to complex molecular processes in the receptor and auditory cells.
This paper specifies certain fallacies of the travelling wave theory. Specific focus is given to mechanisms on a submolecular level related to the hearing process. The significance of transformations taking place in an auditory cell is emphasised.
The essence of the new theory lies in a hypothesis of a changed pathway a sound wave takes to reach the receptor. The signal is transferred from the auricle, through the ossicles of the middle ear and the stapes to the receptor via the bony pathway. The study presents nanostructures and nanoprocesses related to the reception and processing of auditory information. Hence, the theory has been named the submolecular theory of hearing.

Congenitally missing lateral incisors cause an aesthetic challenge that may require specific orthodontic and prosthetic solutions. The treatment is complex but offers valuable aesthetic options, such as orthodontic space opening followed by the prosthetic replacement of the lateral incisors. This is made possible by advancements in the design of bonded bridges, particularly cantilever bonded bridges.
The cantilever design offers a minimally invasive, conservative approach, preserving the adjacent teeth while providing a stable and aesthetically pleasing outcome. Through this article, we demonstrate that the cantilever resin-bonded bridge does not only achieve satisfactory aesthetic outcomes but also shows high survival rates, especially when paired with a careful pre-prosthetic approach. This treatment option is particularly beneficial for young patients who may not be ideal candidates for implants due to their age or other considerations. These findings highlight the significance of a multidisciplinary approach that combines orthodontic and prosthetic expertise to ensure long-term success in managing congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Keywords: Resin-bonded bridge; Cantilever resin-bonded bridge; maxillary lateral incisor agenesis

Aging is a natural process that brings physical, psychological, and social changes, often increasing vulnerability to illness and leading to frequent hospital visits (Leung S et al., 2011). With years of medical expertise, healthcare professionals play a vital role in managing the aging population. According to the National Health Policy, India's life expectancy is 68.7 years—67.4 years for males and 70.2 years for females. As life expectancy increases, the risk of morbidity also rises (Ibrahim R et al., 2013). Therefore, it is crucial to assess the attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward elderly care and promote awareness (Yen CH et al., 2009). Introducing necessary changes in medical education can cultivate a positive attitude, greater empathy, and enhanced knowledge in geriatric healthcare.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the healthcare sector, including dental care services. Dental clinics have faced significant disruptions, including reduced patient flow, financial constraints, and implementation of new infection control protocols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Aim: Study to understand how COVID -19 Pandemic outbreak effected the selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Objectives: The study has been enumerated in two objectives, and these are (1) To study dental working conditions in dental clinics. (2) To study the clinical guidelines recommended by Dental Council of India for dental professionals. (3) To study the challenges faced by dentists while resuming dental clinics.
Methodology: An observational and retrospective analytical approach was employed, combining both observational and questionnaire methods. Data regarding the primary and secondary sources were collected. Primary data were collected from structured questionnaires with 50 dental professionals, whereas the secondary data were derived from literature pertinent to the area of study. This research has been conducted using a Purposive and Convenient techniques over a period of 3-4 months.
Result: the findings indicates that covid 19 pandemic profoundly impacted dental clinics, highlighting the need for robust infection control measures, flexible operational strategies, and resilient supply chains. By adopting comprehensive guidelines, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring clear communication, dental clinics can better navigate future health crisis and maintain patient trust and safety.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted dental clinics in Bangalore, affecting patient appointment, storage of equipment, decrease in patient appointments, economic strain, assurance of patient safety, lack of training and education programme for staff safety. The study highlights the need for dental clinics to adapt to the new technologies prioritizing staff safety, infection control measures and assurance to the patient on safety to ensure sustained delivery of dental care services.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; dental clinics; aerosol; patient volume; economic strain; staff safety; infection control measures

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are highly prevalent in many developing countries, affecting the poorest and most deprived communities. Most of the STH infections were of light intensity. Our review focus on STH infections which is common among the school going children. The national programs should be strengthen among these population. The impact of deworming programs must be monitored and routine surveillance should be carried out. Lower socio-economic groups are more affected. The reason for this might be poor socio economic condition and unhygienic living conditions. The main species involved are roundworm (AL, Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (TT, Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (HW, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). This review aims to intensity STH infections and focus more among school-aged children.
Keywords: School children; poor hygiene; national deworming programs; autoinfection

Sorghum is a nutrient-rich cereal grain with bioactive compounds that offer numerous health benefits. Key bioactive constituents include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and dietary fiber, which contribute to its functional food properties. Sorghum contains phenolic acids like ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids, which act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress linked to heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. Flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin possess neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties and support cardiovascular health by reducing arterial plaque buildup. Colored sorghum varieties are rich in condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), which exhibit antioxidant activity, improve gut health, lower cholesterol, and potentially aid in weight management. Sorghum is high in dietary fiber, promoting healthy digestion, regulating blood glucose, and supporting gut microbiota. Policosanols in sorghum help lower LDL cholesterol and improve lipid metabolism, contributing to cardiovascular health and weight management. Other phytochemicals like phytic acid, polyphenols, and sterols reduce the risk of chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects. Nutritionally, sorghum is high in protein (9-13%), dietary fiber (6%), and essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron. It also contains B-complex vitamins, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid. Sorghum’s nutritional profile supports growth, metabolism, and disease prevention, particularly in managing cardiovascular health, weight, and cancer risk. Sorghum's hardiness, low input requirements, and nutritional value make it a sustainable crop ideal for addressing food security and climate adaptability. Its resilience to environmental stresses positions it as a critical component in sustainable agriculture, supporting global food systems amidst environmental challenges.

Telemedicine offers underprivileged communities high-quality healthcare by diagnosing and treating patients remotely via telecommunications technology. The first known instance of telemedicine occurred in the early 1900s when an ECG was sent over a telephone line. Since then, telemedicine has advanced significantly in terms of technology and healthcare delivery. NASA and ISRO played a major role in making this possible. In 2005, the Indian Health Ministry established the National Telemedicine Taskforce, which facilitated several initiatives such as the ICMR-AROGYASREE, NeHA, and VRCs.
Telemedicine facilitates patient monitoring and provides family doctors with easy access to specialists. Numerous telemedicine systems, such as store and forward, real-time, remote, or self-monitoring, offer a range of services for disease screening, education, disaster relief, and healthcare delivery and management worldwide. Telemedicine has the potential to greatly lessen the strain on the healthcare system, notwithstanding its drawbacks. Telemedicine has altered the way that healthcare is delivered, particularly in rural areas. By reducing travel, improving access to specialists, aiding in the management of chronic illnesses, and addressing professional shortages, it offers a workable solution to healthcare disparities. However, problems like infrastructure limitations and technological literacy need ongoing attention to ensure equitable, long-term access for all.
Keywords: Applications of telemedicine; history of telemedicine; telemedicine in family medicine; telemedicine in India; telemedicine in public health; types of telemedicine