Medicon Publications

Aging is a natural process that brings physical, psychological, and social changes, often increasing vulnerability to illness and leading to frequent hospital visits (Leung S et al., 2011). With years of medical expertise, healthcare professionals play a vital role in managing the aging population. According to the National Health Policy, India's life expectancy is 68.7 years—67.4 years for males and 70.2 years for females. As life expectancy increases, the risk of morbidity also rises (Ibrahim R et al., 2013). Therefore, it is crucial to assess the attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward elderly care and promote awareness (Yen CH et al., 2009). Introducing necessary changes in medical education can cultivate a positive attitude, greater empathy, and enhanced knowledge in geriatric healthcare.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the healthcare sector, including dental care services. Dental clinics have faced significant disruptions, including reduced patient flow, financial constraints, and implementation of new infection control protocols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Aim: Study to understand how COVID -19 Pandemic outbreak effected the selected dental clinics in Bangalore.
Objectives: The study has been enumerated in two objectives, and these are (1) To study dental working conditions in dental clinics. (2) To study the clinical guidelines recommended by Dental Council of India for dental professionals. (3) To study the challenges faced by dentists while resuming dental clinics.
Methodology: An observational and retrospective analytical approach was employed, combining both observational and questionnaire methods. Data regarding the primary and secondary sources were collected. Primary data were collected from structured questionnaires with 50 dental professionals, whereas the secondary data were derived from literature pertinent to the area of study. This research has been conducted using a Purposive and Convenient techniques over a period of 3-4 months.
Result: the findings indicates that covid 19 pandemic profoundly impacted dental clinics, highlighting the need for robust infection control measures, flexible operational strategies, and resilient supply chains. By adopting comprehensive guidelines, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring clear communication, dental clinics can better navigate future health crisis and maintain patient trust and safety.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted dental clinics in Bangalore, affecting patient appointment, storage of equipment, decrease in patient appointments, economic strain, assurance of patient safety, lack of training and education programme for staff safety. The study highlights the need for dental clinics to adapt to the new technologies prioritizing staff safety, infection control measures and assurance to the patient on safety to ensure sustained delivery of dental care services.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; dental clinics; aerosol; patient volume; economic strain; staff safety; infection control measures

The drugs that are used for pleasure or other than medical purposes are known as recreational drugs. The users of recreational drugs are well-integrated and can come from any socioeconomic background. Weekend parties often involve the use of illegal drugs to reduce stress, escape daily routines, and enhance dancing abilities.

Soil – ‘the soul of infinite lives’ is the ultimate medium for plant growth. It not only supports the plant growth but also provides the optimum nutrients and water required by plants and also regulates the aeration and temperature of it. In brief it is the storehouse of nutrients. It is said that –‘ if you want to have food, conserve the soil’—but in recent days due to many reasons, mostly of anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, removal of trees(deforestation), mining and the overuse of nutrients are seemed to be the reasons of soil degradation. Soil pollution is one of the type of such soil degradation only. Soil pollution not only reduces the soil fertility or ultimate production of crops, but it is also hazardous to human health. In this article I have tried to show the different remediation of such soil pollution that the scientists have already worked on and also have tried to drag the reader’s attention to some future aspects including the use of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: soil pollution; remediation; biochar; artificial intelligence

Due to architectural compulsions, buildings invite various types of irregularities due to which seismic performance of them is highly affected. With increase in such type of buildings, it is important to know the extent to which an irregularity could be introduced without causing any major damage to the structure. Different kinds of Irregularity indices are used by many previous studies for quantifying the vertical irregularities in buildings. This study discusses about the previous irregularity indicators and an attempt is made to evaluate their effectiveness to predict the seismic risk of irregular buildings. Steel buildings having various kinds of vertical irregularities such as mass, stiffness and/or strength are considered in this study and their seismic risks is evaluated. Pearson r correlation methodology is considered for correlating the irregularity indicators and the associated seismic risks and conclusions are drawn from them.
Keywords: Irregularity index; seismic risk; correlation coefficient

Green Economy is a new concept that emerged from the Rio+20 conference in 2012 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describes a green economy as one that "improves human well-being and social fairness while considerably lowering environmental dangers and ecological scarcities. There are several ways that a green economy might aid a developing country like India in terms of development. India's transition to the Green Economy depends on five high-impact sectors: power, manufacturing, transportation and tourism, agriculture, and construction. These are increasingly evident in the shift to a greener economy. Green economic policies have also some certain limitations, which are need to be addressed. The transition to a green economy will necessitate a paradigm shift in our understanding of industry, consumer behaviour, growth and development. Transition to a green economy requires market instruments (viz., subsidy reform, green taxes, and permit markets), legal instruments (e.g., environmental legislation and incorporating sustainable development into trade agreements), and government policies and measures (viz., sustainable public procurement, sustainable land use, and urban policing).
Keywords: Green Economy; sustainable; development; transition

The Green Revolution which ensured Indian food security since 1970 onwards, was accomplished by the introduction of dwarf high-yielding varieties of wheat from CIMMYT and rice varieties from IRRI and further genetic improvement of these crop varieties by Indian researchers, coupled with the application of chemical fertilisers and groundwater based tubewell irrigation, particularly in the north western states of Punjab and Haryana etc.

Agricultural innovations in rural India plays a crucial role in the wellbeing of huge populated country like India. Further sustainable development enhance the quality of life in rural Indian Villages as Mahatma Gandhi quote that villages are life lines of rural India. More than sixty five percent people’s lives in rural India. Enhancing agricultural innovation in rural India is essential for achieving sustainable development. This involves leveraging technology, fostering research, improving infrastructure, and creating supportive policies. Here's a comprehensive approach to enhancing agricultural innovation in rural India: Modern Farming Techniques: Introducing modern farming techniques, such as precision farming, organic farming, and sustainable practices. Modern farming techniques play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, sustainability, and profitability in rural India.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are highly prevalent in many developing countries, affecting the poorest and most deprived communities. Most of the STH infections were of light intensity. Our review focus on STH infections which is common among the school going children. The national programs should be strengthen among these population. The impact of deworming programs must be monitored and routine surveillance should be carried out. Lower socio-economic groups are more affected. The reason for this might be poor socio economic condition and unhygienic living conditions. The main species involved are roundworm (AL, Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (TT, Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (HW, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). This review aims to intensity STH infections and focus more among school-aged children.
Keywords: School children; poor hygiene; national deworming programs; autoinfection

Sorghum is a nutrient-rich cereal grain with bioactive compounds that offer numerous health benefits. Key bioactive constituents include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and dietary fiber, which contribute to its functional food properties. Sorghum contains phenolic acids like ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids, which act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress linked to heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. Flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin possess neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties and support cardiovascular health by reducing arterial plaque buildup. Colored sorghum varieties are rich in condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), which exhibit antioxidant activity, improve gut health, lower cholesterol, and potentially aid in weight management. Sorghum is high in dietary fiber, promoting healthy digestion, regulating blood glucose, and supporting gut microbiota. Policosanols in sorghum help lower LDL cholesterol and improve lipid metabolism, contributing to cardiovascular health and weight management. Other phytochemicals like phytic acid, polyphenols, and sterols reduce the risk of chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects. Nutritionally, sorghum is high in protein (9-13%), dietary fiber (6%), and essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron. It also contains B-complex vitamins, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid. Sorghum’s nutritional profile supports growth, metabolism, and disease prevention, particularly in managing cardiovascular health, weight, and cancer risk. Sorghum's hardiness, low input requirements, and nutritional value make it a sustainable crop ideal for addressing food security and climate adaptability. Its resilience to environmental stresses positions it as a critical component in sustainable agriculture, supporting global food systems amidst environmental challenges.

Telemedicine offers underprivileged communities high-quality healthcare by diagnosing and treating patients remotely via telecommunications technology. The first known instance of telemedicine occurred in the early 1900s when an ECG was sent over a telephone line. Since then, telemedicine has advanced significantly in terms of technology and healthcare delivery. NASA and ISRO played a major role in making this possible. In 2005, the Indian Health Ministry established the National Telemedicine Taskforce, which facilitated several initiatives such as the ICMR-AROGYASREE, NeHA, and VRCs.
Telemedicine facilitates patient monitoring and provides family doctors with easy access to specialists. Numerous telemedicine systems, such as store and forward, real-time, remote, or self-monitoring, offer a range of services for disease screening, education, disaster relief, and healthcare delivery and management worldwide. Telemedicine has the potential to greatly lessen the strain on the healthcare system, notwithstanding its drawbacks. Telemedicine has altered the way that healthcare is delivered, particularly in rural areas. By reducing travel, improving access to specialists, aiding in the management of chronic illnesses, and addressing professional shortages, it offers a workable solution to healthcare disparities. However, problems like infrastructure limitations and technological literacy need ongoing attention to ensure equitable, long-term access for all.
Keywords: Applications of telemedicine; history of telemedicine; telemedicine in family medicine; telemedicine in India; telemedicine in public health; types of telemedicine

Background: The South African mining charter stipulates that women mineworkers need to make up at least ten percent of a mine’s core staff. Although this was intended to enhance gender equality in the sector and in the country, women mineworkers are still a minority group underground and continue to be prejudiced against. This unfair treatment may jeopardise their health when exposed to risk within the working environment.
Objective: To explore women mineworkers’ experiences of the mine’s efforts to protect them from gender based discrimination, and to develop guidelines to remove sexism.
Method: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted from a constructivist paradigm. Semi-structured questions were asked to generate knowledge which assisted in developing the guidelines. Purposive sampling was used to identify participants.
Results: The findings of the study may guide mines and related male-dominated organisations to develop and implement policies, strategies and initiatives geared towards attracting, integrating, retaining, supporting and motivating women who are, or wish to be, employed in the sector.
Conclusion: The proposed gender barometer for women’s equality provides an appropriate, accessible and implementable monitoring tool for unions and management, to continuously assess the state of gender mainstreaming in mining. The proposed strategy will assist in promoting diversity and ensuring that every woman mineworker work in a conducive environment to promote health and safety.
Contributions: The study contributes to an evolving body of knowledge aimed at transforming mining and protecting the human rights of women by following a gender mainstreaming strategy.
Keywords: gender policy; gender equality; gender mainstreaming; gender discrimination; health and safety

Reexpansion pulmonary edema (REPE) is acute lung injury (ALI) with incidence of less than 1% following pneumothorax or pleural effusion evacuation, which may also occur due to excessive suction of tracheobronchial tree during bronchoscopy. 63 year old lady with hypertension and stroke presented to emergency in septic shock with temperature of 38.7°C. She had respiratory distress with lung finding of left lower zone coarse crepitation and fail to saturate in spite high-flow mask oxygen. She was intubated for impending respiratory collapse and ultrasound showed right femoral vein thrombosis with CT pulmonary angiogram confirmed of pulmonary embolism. Antibiotic and anticoagulant were started for initial treatment. Later, patient required bronchoscopy for collapse and consolidation of left lower lobe as evidence by chest X-ray. Thick mucus over left upper and lower lobes were sucked out. Immediately post procedure, patient desaturated to 90% and required greater positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain saturation. Repeated chest X-ray suggest left upper lobe collapse and lower lobe REPE. With adequate PEEP, REPE and lung collapse were resolved. This case describes rarely discussed complication of bronchoscopy that should be recognized as bronchoscopy is a valuable tool for diagnosing and treating airway issues in emergency settings nowadays.
Keywords: Reexpansion pulmonary edema; acute lung injury; bronchoscopy

Textile materials over the past 2 decades have gained wide acceptance in the field of medicine in many and varied applications and surgical sutures play a prominent role in the area of medical textiles. A number of aspects have to be considered in the use of textile materials as surgical sutures and these have been discussed herein.

Delving into the critical realm of corporate governance specifically focusing on the paramount importance of robust internal control mechanisms remains to be the most crucial proactive measure against financial irregularities and fraudulent activities. The research meticulously explores the key elements of effective internal controls ranging from segregation of duties to stringent oversight mechanisms highlighting their collective potency in fortifying an organization's defenses against the insidious threat of financial fraud.
It also attempts to investigate the symbiotic relationship between technology and internal controls shedding light on how advancements such as data analytics and artificial intelligence can be harnessed in it.
Keywords: Internal controls; Financial Shenanigans

This research investigates the relationship between character (personality traits and background) and susceptibility to phishing attacks in social engineering contexts. Our study uses a practical experimental design with controlled scenarios to measure susceptibility to phishing in a real simulated attack. Ethical safeguards, such as informed consent, anonymized data handling, and a comprehensive participant debriefing, were integral to the research. The findings indicate that high extroversion and low neuroticism greatly increase the probability of falling for a phishing attack. However, the age range was also a significant influencer of susceptibility, while educational background and gender had no effect. These results highlight the need to consider personality and demographic factors in cybersecurity defenses. This paper offers nuanced insights into personality-driven vulnerabilities and supports the value of ethical, realistic experimental designs in social engineering research.

Image tampering is now simpler than ever thanks to the explosion of digital photos and the creation of easy image modification tools. As a result, if the situation is not handled properly, major problems may arise. Many computer vision and deep learning strategies have been put out over the years to address the problem. Having said that, people can easily recognise the photographs that were used in that research. This begs the key question of how CNNs might do on more difficult samples. In this paper, we build a complex CNN network and use various machine learning algorithms to classify the images and compare the accuracies obtained by them. Its performance is also compared on two different datasets. Additionally, we assess the impact of various hyperparameters and a data augmentation strategy on classification performance. This leads to a conclusion that performance can be considerably impacted by dataset difficulty.

Keywords: Image Manipulation; CNNs; Data Augmentation; Patch Extraction

Introduction: The implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa is a transformative initiative aimed at achieving universal health coverage and addressing historical health disparities. This ongoing study explicitly examines the perceptions of healthcare workers, policymakers, and citizens in Gauteng Province regarding the NHI initiative, acknowledging their essential contributions to its successful implementation.
Methods: A qualitative research design will be employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gather in-depth data on stakeholder perceptions. Participants will be recruited through purposive sampling to ensure a diverse representation of views. Data analysis will be conducted using thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns related to perceptions of the NHI.
Results: Preliminary findings suggest that stakeholder perceptions are influenced by factors such as trust in government, concerns about resource allocation, and expectations of service quality. Preliminary themes may include skepticism regarding implementation efficacy, perceived benefits of universal health coverage, and potential barriers to access.
Discussion: The anticipated results will provide valuable insights into the complexities surrounding the NHI initiative in South Africa. Understanding stakeholder perceptions is vital for identifying areas of resistance and fostering support for the NHI. The findings will contribute to the literature on health insurance systems and inform policymakers on strategies to enhance stakeholder engagement and address concerns.
Conclusion: This study aims to bridge the gap between policy intentions and public sentiment regarding the NHI initiative. By capturing the diverse views of healthcare workers, policymakers, and citizens, the research seeks to promote a more inclusive approach to health system reform in South Africa, ultimately advancing the goal of equitable healthcare access for all citizens.
Keywords: National Health Insurance (NHI); Universal Health Coverage; Stakeholder Perceptions; Healthcare Workers; Health Care Policy Makers

This study investigates the mechanism behind the dynamic spreading of liquid nano-droplets with suspended nanoparticles, focusing on the impact of nanoparticle size and interaction strength using molecular dynamics simulations. Building on our prior research with Pb-Cu wetting systems of identical chemistry that revealed distinct spreading behaviors, the current findings demonstrate that particle characteristics and interatomic potentials significantly affect the nanosuspension spreading process. The strength of the interaction between the particle and underlying substrate varies from the interatomic potential to test the dynamic spreading behavior of nanofluid droplets, to explore how it affects the wetting kinetics. Meanwhile, forces acting on suspended particles are directly computed from molecular dynamics simulations and compared with cases of different particle sizes. Mechanisms are discussed by correlating the force data with the contact line advancement, droplet morphology, and the observed pinning/depinning behavior.
Keywords: particle suspension; molecular dynamics; force computation

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are quasi one-dimensional narrow strips of graphene comprised of sp²-hybridized carbon atoms arranged into hexagonal honeycomb lattice configurations. GNRs possess high mobility and current-carrying capability, sizeable bandgap and versatile electronic properties, which make them promising candidates for quantum electronic applications. The high aspect ratio, abundant edges, conductivity, and propensity for functionalization make GNRs an attractive material that draws interest from a wide range of fields, including chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. GNRs have already found use in various applications such as sensors, conductive films, polymer composites, batteries, energy-conversion/storage devices, bioimaging, DNA sequencing, and neurophysiological recovery. With the advancements in the preparation technology of GNRs, GNRs with different structures have been prepared and studied. Results reveal that GNRs have good photoelectric characteristics, providing them broad application prospects in quantum computing and dissipative microelectronic devices.

This paper rejects the hypothesis that investment Gardens present financial harm to the public. Gardens are found on platform websites that allow anybody to create an investment product. The literature review sources the limited research noting the opportunities for abuse that managers of complex financial products can exploit against the unsuspecting public.
This research builds on the dialectic in the Decentralized Finance (“DeFi”) debate. How dare access to riches be denied to anyone? Are regulators obliged to restrict access to vulnerable investors?
Eight Gardens are regressed against the S&P 500, Bitcoin and Ethereum prices. Granger Causality Analysis seeks to establish whether there is rationality in the DeFi markets. Gardens’ Sharpe Ratios are compared to sixty traditional investment funds.
The paper proposes an extension of adverse selection within agency theory. The propensity for retail investors to understand a Garden from any sources should determine whether retail investors are allowed to invest.
Keywords: DeFi; game theory; adverse selection; investment gardens; finance democratization

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the world's governance, peace and security. Even though Africa was not affected like the magnitude in Europe and America, the pandemic has threatened international peace and security in the West African sub region. Political change and coup d’états in Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Mali and Niger have presented security challenges in West Africa. Threats by terrorists’ groups during and after the pandemic has also posed threat to human security and cooperation among countries in the ECOWAS bloc. Insecurity has increased, especially when terrorist groups have used the pandemic to cause political instability. In some countries in the sub-region, the COVID-19 pandemic delayed progress in implementing reforms and has stalled efforts by governments to provide efficient and effective services to the citizenry, invariably hampering government’s efforts at improving on the needs of the people in the region. This has been a major catalyst to the military take overs that has occurred in the West African, Sahel region worsening the already precarious situation in Africa. It is recommended amidst the negative effects that, leaders in the sub-region strengthen measures to improve on human security among member states, harness resources in the region to build robust infrastructural amenities and to improve the living conditions of the youth in order not to be recruited by armed insurgent groups to cause extreme violence.
Keywords: Peace; human security; terrorists; pandemic and Sahel

We encountered a man (77- years - old) suffering from multiple myeloma, who was discharged from the hospital after he was hospitalized for a couple of days.
His symptoms were shortness of breath, bone pain, anemia, renal damage and fatigue for two years. Anemia and renal organs may relate water.
Sometimes, they have abnormally high blood viscosity. The disease is a lymph (B cell) becoming cancerous in bone marrow, which forms M protein (monoclonal protein), involving about 10% of blood cancers [1, 2]. Now, a medical doctor should find where the lymphatic node or lymphatic vessels are. The reason why we introduce blood is that multiple myeloma must be mostly related.

I researched water in quantum theory for over 10 years [1]. We have applied water to various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and different plastics, ceramics, and glass materials, and we have many publications.
Here, I review the bases of the water in theory in particular.
Firstly, we introduce the water containing the pico-extended particle (1/1000 of a nanometer) after the dissociation of hydrogen bonds in the water molecules, which I name infoton, <H⁺~e^-> [1]. Here are four keywords for the infoton.
One idea is neither a hydrogen atom nor separated ions. However, a critical point in our estimation is that the electron in the hydrogen atom oscillates between the outermost orbit and the nearest area of the proton in the cloud, as shown in Fig. 1.

In the recent years, numerical simulation of the welding process has become more widely used, mainly owing to advances in computer technology and the prevalence of commercial software. However, one of the main challenges of welding simulation is the accuracy of heat source modeling. This paper investigates Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) with Lower Spatter Control (LSC) on an experimental basis, aiming to determine the parameters of the heat source for improved numerical prediction of weld temperature, distortion, and stress. The weld bead geometry was characterized and transient temperatures were recorded at particular points on the substrate close to the weld bead using K-type thermocouples. The results revealed that modifying welding speed can affect temperature distribution and weld bead construction. The choice of welding speed is a critical factor in determining the quality and efficiency of a welding process. The study suggests optimizing the welding process parameters, to control the heat input and cooling rate during welding, which can considerably affect the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the weld bead.
Keywords: LSC-GMAW; 304 L; temperature; macrograph; heat source

The combined effects of local warming brought on by urbanisation and global climate change are making urban heat a growing problem for many cities. Urban heat-related issues must be addressed immediately because these phenomena have substantial negative effects on the environment, the economy, society, and human health. Although buildings play a significant role in urban heat, they also offer opportunities for mitigation through the decarbonisation of the built environment. The building industry has acknowledged green buildings (GBs) as an innovative philosophy and practice. GBs have been suggested as a way to reduce the effects of urban heat islands and other heat-related issues. The purpose of this study is find the most important factors of green building which can be impactful for reducing UHI. Using an extensive literature review methodology, the study identified eighteen important references following a thorough screening of more than 1400 preliminary studies. Finally 10 papers have been selected. These sources concentrate on the ways that green buildings mitigate urban heat through different approaches, such as cutting carbon emissions, lessening the effects of artificial landscapes, and enhancing energy efficiency. Global warming mitigation, local warming mitigation, and urban heat mitigation are the three categories into which the framework created in this review divides GB's responses to urban heat challenges. Further analysis of these responses is conducted with respect to the following areas: building design, energy and water efficiency, site planning, outdoor environments, transportation, material selection, indoor environmental quality, operation management, and building life cycle, including construction and maintenance. The findings indicate that GBs significantly contribute to reducing the urban heat problem by lowering carbon emissions, minimising artificial landscapes, and promoting energy-efficient designs.  This review provides a holistic analysis of the role of GBs in urban heat mitigation, aiming to inform future research and practical implementations in urban planning and green building development.
Keywords: Urban heat island; green building; mitigation strategies; green infrastructure; climate change

Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger which transforms solar radiation into heat energy. The thermal performance of conventional solar air heater has been found to be poor because of the low convective heat transfer coefficient from the absorber plate to the air. Use of artificial roughness on surface is effective way to break laminar boundary sub layer. It enhances rate of heat transfer from absorber plate to flow of air stream. An attempt has been made to carry out CFD based analysis using Fluent to fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of solar air heater. Model of solar air heater involving air inlet, absorber plate, glass, and solar air heater with baffles was modelled by ANSYS Workbench and the results were obtained by using ANSYS FLUENT software. It is evident from the simulation that solar air heater with fins increases the heat transfer area and also help in creating turbulence which in turn increases the temperature of the air. Use of polyethylene (green house plastic) as a glazing material for solar air heater is a great choice because though it collects 5% less solar irradiation from the sun but it traps the heat for longer time, acts as an insulating material. As they form a bond with water to assist evaporation by absorption of broadband light, they are utilized as good solar thermal absorber materials. During the study, the heat carrier's maximum temperature reached 48˚C at a solar radiation intensity 9 W/m² and an ambient air temperature of about 30˚C. Also, it has been observed that the solar radiation intensity and the outlet air temperature increases from 10 AM to 2.00 PM of the day as the intensity of solar radiation at Gangtok used in the study is maximum up to 2.00 PM and then it decreases.
Keywords: Solar air heater; Solar Energy; CFD; Heat transfer; Baffles and fins; Temperature distribution