Medicon Publications

The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 is considered a significant piece of legislation, as it acknowledges and seeks to redress years of historical injustices committed against the Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD) by restoring their land rights. However, after more than fifteen years of its implementation, the FRA is struggling to achieve its primary objectives despite several interventions. The current study presents a comparative analysis of two celebratory cases from two different Indian states that are often cited as exemplars of FRA implementation. The two cases are: the Podochuanpadar village of the state of Odisha and the Mendha-Lekha village of the state of Maharashtra. Through an in-depth analysis, using the case study approach, the study highlights that the FRA has led to positive outcomes in both cases. Both have successfully attained ‘Individual Forest Rights’ (IFR) and ‘Community Forest Rights' (CFR), and both have exhibited commendable performances as regards participatory forest management leading to effective conservation. But, they also point to several implementation gaps. Based on the evidence, the study therefore suggests a need to smooth the implementation process by ensuring limited interference of forest officials, capacity building of the nodal agencies, and an evaluation of conflicting and divergent policies that interfere with FRA implementation. In addition, the study advances the need for a broader developmental model that would further empower the FRA to be equitable, just and inclusive.
Keywords: Conservation; Forest Rights Act (FRA); Participatory Forest Management (PFM); Self-Governance; Social Justice

This study investigates households’ perception on the quality of water used for drinking and domestic purpose in residents living around Ubeji River, Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State, To achieve this a total of 564 questionnaires were administered to households in 3 strata’s within the study area. The data for this research were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and presented in tables and graphs. The result obtained revealed that the major sources of water used for drinking and domestic purpose were 53% Ubeji River in strata 1, 61% bored holes in strata 2 and 100% boreholes in strata 3. Despite the high level of education and awareness 89% of the respondents noted that the quality of water was at least good while 25.6% rated it poor. The respondents in all 3 strata’s all claimed to have been affected by malaria, diarrhea, typhoid and catarrh at one time or the other with malaria (58%) having the highest prevalence and cholera (1%) having the least prevalence amongst the Ubeji residents. The respondents response were tested with ANOVA at 5% significant value and the results obtained revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean of the incidence of water related illnesses on the respondents within the 3 strata’s under investigation. The study further recommends that the Local Government, State and Federal Government should be engaged in routine immunization programs of the vulnerable group of the population. This will ensure improved health and increase the resistance to contacting water related diseases. The Local Health Authority and the National Orientation Agency should set up an aggressive health education and enlightenment campaign in the Ubeji community. This will encourage the residents to inculcate a high level of personal and domestic hygiene and obtain their drinking and domestic water from a reliable source.

Mosquitoes are notorious arthropods, causing nuisance and serving as vectors to numerous diseases of Medical and Veterinary importance. Entomological surveys for mosquito and their infection status for arbovirus is critical for planning and deployment of proper mosquito control initiatives. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the species diversity, abundance and distribution of mosquitoes in Maiduguri, Borno State. Mosquitoes were collected using the Center for Disease Control (CDC) light trap, Developmental stage trap (DT), and Human Landing Collection (HLC) from July to October 2018 (peak rainy season), November 2018 to February 2019 (cold dry-harmmatan season) and February/March to May, 2019 (hot dry season). Morphological identification of the mosquitoes was done using standard keys. Mosquitoes were pooled according to genera and homogenates were propagated on Cell Line Culture. RT-PCR was used for the detection of Flavivirus group of arboviruses (Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus) while Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was also used for the amplification of virus genetic materials.
In total, 5335 adult mosquitoes were collected from all the 12 districts of Maiduguri belonging to three genera namely Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes. Of the 3 genera, Culex species 4154(77.9%) was the most abundant, compared with Anopheles species 947 (17.8%) while Aedes species 234 (4.4%) was the least. In mosquito trapping, the CDC traps had the highest catch of 2525 (47.3%) followed by DT with a total catch of 2185 (41%) while HLC had the lowest catch of 625 (11.7%) (p<0.05). The wet/rainy season had the highest distribution with 2499 (46.8%) for all the species of mosquitoes collected, followed by the cold-dry harmattan with 1500 (28.1%), while the hot-dry season had the lowest distribution with 1336 (25.1%). Across all seasons, mosquitoes consistently persist irrespective of species. The month of September had the highest distribution 688 (12.9%) of all mosquito species collected and May had the lowest distribution with 258 (4.8%). RT-PCR assay were negative for all Flavivirus. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) using illumine Miseq revealed the presence of two important arboviruses namely Culex Flavivirus (CxFV) and Hubei partiti-like virus 22. The amplification of CxFV is the first report from mosquito species in nature from Nigeria. In conclusion, 3 genera of mosquito species were collected and identified in Maiduguri of which Culex was the most abundant and distributed.
Keywords: Mosquitoes; Arboviruses; Culex flavivirus; Nigeria

Agriculture is the main stay of our country which contribute about 54 percent of GDP directly or indirectly. It is our culture more than profession without farming nothing can be perishable. In recent years our government has taken several steps to improves the livelihood of farmers like DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), RKVY (Rashtriya Kishan Vikash Yojana) , Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY),Digital Mission etc. Due to launching of several satellite’s for soil and water resource management by ISRO things goes easy and running in positive directions since 19 April 1975 Aryabhata then the latest satellite of ISRO is EOS-08 launched on 16 August 2024 . It was an Earth Observation satellite. Space technology has been instrumental in advancing rural development in India by addressing key challenges in agriculture, natural resource management, disaster management, and rural infrastructure.

The human mouth contains at any given time a plethora of microorganisms. In health, these organisms exist in relative harmony and equilibrium. This balance, being crucial to good oral health. When this equilibrium tips in the favor of pathologic bacteria, a cascade of oral diseases begin to appear.
The goal of any dental treatment aims to eliminate this disharmony. In the spectrum of arsenal that the dental practitioner has, one such is the Probiotics.
The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics have described Probiotics as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host.
Overall, probiotics have the potential to become a valuable adjunctive therapy in dentistry, that will help to maintain a healthy microbial balance, help in preventing dental diseases and promote overall oral health. Further research and clinical trials will help to establish their precise role in dental practice and provide evidence-based recommendations for their use.
Keywords: Probiotics; prebiotics; postbiotics; Bifidobacterium; Saccharomyces boulardii

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), or benign mixed tumor, is the most common neoplasm of the salivary glands, particularly affecting the parotid gland. It arises from epithelial and myoepithelial cells within a mesenchymal-like stroma and is typically characterized by slow, painless growth. Although benign, PA carries risks of recurrence and malignant transformation, especially in long-standing cases. Early diagnosis and complete surgical excision are key to effective management.
Case Presentation: We present the case of a 46-year-old male with no relevant medical history who reported a progressively enlarging, asymptomatic swelling in the right parotid region over several months. Physical examination revealed a firm, mobile, non-tender mass in the area of the parotid gland, with preserved facial nerve function. Diagnostic workup included high-resolution ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), both consistent with pleomorphic adenoma. Surgical treatment involved a subtotal parotidectomy of the superficial lobe via a modified Blair incision. Intraoperatively, the facial nerve and all its branches were carefully preserved. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma with clear margins. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery, with no facial nerve deficits or wound complications. Follow-up evaluations at three and six months showed no evidence of recurrence.
Conclusion: This case highlights the classical presentation and optimal surgical management of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. Subtotal parotidectomy remains the treatment of choice for tumors confined to the superficial lobe, offering excellent oncologic control while minimizing functional and cosmetic morbidity. Thorough preoperative evaluation, skilled surgical technique, and long-term follow-up are essential to ensure successful outcomes and monitor for recurrence or malignant transformation.
Keywords: Pleomorphic adenoma; parotid gland tumor; benign salivary gland neoplasm; subtotal parotidectomy; facial nerve preservation; case report

Purpose: To study the results of repeated revascularizing osteotrepanation in patients with critical ischaemia of the upper and lower extremities in order to prevent major amputations. Material and methods: The etiological cause of the development of CI was thromboangiitis obliterans (OT) in 9 patients, Raynaud's syndrome (disease) in 4 patients, obliterating atherosclerosis in 5 patients, obliterating atherosclerosis with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus in 9 patients. According to the Fontaine-Pokrovsky classification, 10 patients had stage III of chronic ischemia, and 17 patients had stage IV of chronic ischemia. The terms of repeated revascularizing osteotrepanation are from 3 months. up to 2 years after the first ROT. Results: Repeated operation of oral rotation of the ulna and radius was performed in 15 extremities with stage IV chronic ischemia. In 3 (20.0%) extremities, the necrotic wound on the fingers healed, in 5 (33.3%) soft tissue necrectomy was performed, in 7 (46.7%) cases - minor amputations at the level of the fingers. Amputation at the level of the forearm was not performed. Repeated operation of tibial rot was performed in 24 limbs with stage IV chronic ischemia. In 7 (25.9%) limbs, the necrotic wound healed, in 6 (22.2%) limbs, soft tissue necrectomy was performed, in 9 (33.3%) limbs - minor amputations, in 5 (18.5%) - due to the progression of critical ischemia, amputation was performed at the level of the upper third of the tibia (major amputation). In 22 (81.5%) cases with stage IV chronic ischemia, the supporting function of the limb was preserved. Conclusion: With repeated ROT, the frequency of high amputations of the upper and lower extremities decreases. Out of 22 limbs with stage IV of chronic ischemia of the lower extremities, 15 (81.5% of cases) managed to preserve the supporting function. In all 20 cases with stage IV chronic ischemia of the upper extremities, it was possible to maintain the functional state of the limb.
Keywords: arterial steno-occlusion; critical ischemia; stimulation of regional circulation; re-vascularizing osteotrepanation

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that affects millions globally, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. A significant subset of patients remains uncontrolled despite conventional therapies. Biologic treatments that target type 2 inflammation, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE, have revolutionized asthma management; however, these therapies primarily address downstream inflammatory pathways. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived cytokine, has emerged as a pivotal upstream mediator in the pathophysiology of asthma, acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. TSLP is critical in initiating and maintaining type 2 inflammation, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target. Tezepelumab (Tezspire), the first FDA-approved TSLP inhibitor, has demonstrated broad efficacy across various asthma phenotypes, effectively reducing exacerbation rates and improving lung function independent of eosinophil count or allergic status. Additionally, emerging TSLP-targeting biologics under development, such as the inhaled monoclonal antibody fragment ecleralimab (CSJ117), offer novel approaches to localized airway inflammation control. This review aims to explore the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and economic implications of TSLP-targeting therapies, underscoring their potential to redefine the asthma biologics market and address the unmet therapeutic needs of patients with severe asthma.
Keywords: asthma; biologic; cytokine; ecleralimab (CSJ117); Tezspire (tezepelumab); thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)

The main aim of this research was to evaluate the soil salinity variations in coastal regions of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) over time and space. Soc Trang province was selected as the case study due to its unique geographical features, including a southeastern coastal zone and a river channel that runs along the northeastern edge of the province. The observation period focused on the dry seasons spanning the years 2020 to 2021. Soil samples were obtained monthly (during the dry seasons) from the upper 20 cm at over 1,000 locations and the electrical conductivity (EC1:5, dS/m) was measured using Conductivity Meter. Based on soil salinity levels, it suggests appropriate arrangements of upland crops that align with the specific characteristics of the soil. Furthermore, the study utilized soil salinity data to propose a sustainable cropping model designed to suit these conditions. The results showed that Soc Trang Province consistently experienced salinity intrusion during February and March annually. In March 2020, areas with high salinity levels were detected approximately 40 km from the nearest coastline, with this distance extending to nearly 55 km by March 2021. Subsequently, based on the spatial and temporal salinity intrusion maps, the study proposes crop conversion strategies in selected salt-affected areas to enhance adaptation to climate change. This study contributes to the understanding of climate change impacts and facilitates the management of agro-ecological landscapes in the region.
Keywords: soil salinity; crops; climate change; Soc Trang

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, shrinking arable land, and a rapidly growing global population, ensuring food security has become a defining challenge of our era. Conventional plant breeding methods, while foundational, often fall short in responding swiftly to modern agricultural demands. In this context, induced mutations have emerged as a safe, cost-effective, and highly promising tool for accelerating crop improvement and expanding genetic diversity.

Ecological cybernetics of technological processes, both as a scientific and educational subject, along with the improvement of theoretica1l knowledge in the application of technological processes improved by nanotechnologies, where the design technologies are intensively updated with new hardware and software of design technologies, will allow providing professional approach to the project development, ecological expertise as an environmental engineer. It is known that the performance of technological processes optimally reduces its impact on the environment. However, this does not answer the question of how much. In my view, studying ecological cybernetics of technological processes will provide the evaluation of ecological level in technological processes performed under complex technological, constructive design conditions. In other words, each optimum oil processing and petrochemical processes must be investigated as a research object, and technological and constructive parameters of the equipment, efficiency of the catalysts in the process, the composition of the raw material, processing depth must be studied, improved and brought to more advanced stages. It is known that re-refining of oil and petrochemical processes are performed in the combination of more complex conversions and more complex structural design of equipment and one of the useful ways of improving ecological condition is to determine a new level by increasing cybernetic bases of the process.
Keywords: ecology; industrial symbiosis; cybernetics; processes; wastes; by-products; pyrolysis; synthesis; acetic acid; methanol; mathematical modelling; management systems

This paper investigated the physical properties of particleboard produced using Biodegradeable wastes (Rice husk , Sawdust, Breadfruit seed coating, Oil palm fruit fiber) and plastics. Five samples were examined. The moisture content, ash content, thickness swelling percent, water absorption percent, density, surface appearance, of these produced samples, were all examined and compared with the control sample (medium dense fireboard, (MDF)). The mean density of the board ranges from 240kg/m³ to 648kg/m³. The moisture content ranges from 21.81% to 69.39%. water absorption percent and thickness swelling percent ranges from 19.24% to 119.94% and 5.88% to 38.46% respectively at two hours soaking, 70.99% to 219.6% and 5.88% to 66.67% respectively at 24 hours soaking. The control sample (purchased medium dense fireboard, (MDF)) recorded the highest density (643kg/m³), highest ash content (9.55%), lowest moisture content (16.08%), lowest thickness swelling and water absorption percent (19.24%,5.88%) at 2 hours soaking in water, lowest thickness swelling and water absorption percent (70.99%,5.88%) at 24 hours soaking in water . Sample A (particleboard produced with Rice husk) gave the best performance among other produced samples for physical properties. Generally, the results of the physical properties of the samples were comparable to the control sample (MDF) which is available in the local Market.
Keywords: Particleboard; Sawdust; Rice husk; Oil-palm fiber; Breadfruit seed coating; Plastics; Physical properties; Density; Moisture content; Ash content; Thickness swelling and Water absorption Percent

Rotating machines are commonly employed in a wide range of industrial applications. To minimise failures, boost dependability, and reduce maintenance costs, condition-based maintenance must be implemented for spinning machinery. It is very critical to identify the fault and predict the life of any machines. Henceforth, present study is focused on reliability of machines using neural network by the aid of statistical tool named MATLAB which ensures the proper validation which has 99% accuracy for the obtained data. 
Keywords: Condition monitoring; FFT Analyzer; Neural Network; ISO severity chart

In the rapidly evolving digital ecosystem, cybersecurity is no longer a specialist’s concern—it is a fundamental literacy. This short communication underscores the pressing need to embed cybersecurity awareness into the undergraduate engineering curriculum across disciplines. Drawing from academic and industry observations, it outlines the key gaps, proposes integrative strategies, and calls for a pedagogical shift to prepare students for the realities of a hyperconnected world.
Keywords: Cybersecurity education; engineering curriculum; digital literacy; cyber awareness; interdisciplinary training, cyber hygiene

In this project, we want to establish a technique which can be used to identify the disease through AI and ML. We will use mathematical modeling to find out governing equation of the disease. We will apply suitable numerical or analytical methods to find out exact or approximate solution of the governing equation with the help of suitable initial and boundary conditions. Though the use of Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Mathematical modeling and Numerical analysis, we can reduce the infection ratio and death ratio in the humans.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Mathematical modeling; Governing equation; Numerical method

As part of the inventory of endogenous soil knowledge in Cote d'Ivoire, research was carried out on plinthitic soils (cuirassed soils) in Seguela, in the north-west of the country. The study combined surveys of farmers, laboratory analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils and statistical analysis of the data obtained. The results show that the vast majority of farmers own leathery land, but only some manage to cultivate it, often out of necessity due to dwindling arable land, while others give it up because of the difficulty of the work. Farmers recognise these armoured areas by the presence of hills and typical plant species. These plant species play an important role in the decision to cultivate these soils. Plants such as Isoberlinia doka (Caesalpiniaceae), Uapaca togoensis (Euphorbiaceae), Combretum micrantum and Manotes kerstingii (Dipterocarpaceae) are indicative of the fertility of cuirasse soils. On the other hand, the presence of Pericopsis laxiflora (fabaceae), Combretum molle (Combretaceae), Gardenia ternifolia (Rubiaceae) and Combretum lecardi on hardpan soils indicates the poverty of these soils. Compared with non cuirassed soils, cuirassed soils can be less acidic, with a higher capcity of exchangeable bases. These results attest to some local knowledge in terms of plant species indicative of soil fertility. However, the presence of slabs of armour would constitute obstacles to their agricultural development.

Keywords: Endogenous knowledge; physico-chemical characteristics; plinthitic soil; Seguela; North-West Cote d’Ivoire

Top cross can be defined as the hybridization or a cross performed between an open pollinated variety (OPV) and either a single cross hybrid or an inbred line. This study assessed the performance of 21 yellow hybrid maize evaluated at Kishi and Ibadan during the 2020 and 2021 farming seasons. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used to set up the experiment on each site. The ANOVA result showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except for plant and ear aspect. Hybrid TZEI 8 X DMR-LSR-Y (4.57 t ha^-1) had the highest yield. TZEI 8 X DMR-LSR-Y was the earliest to remove tassel (51 days) and hybrid TZEI 12 X ART98-SW1-Y was the earliest to exhibit silk (55 days). TZEI 12 X DMR-ESR-Y was noted for its significantly tall plants and ear placement. Positive non-significant correlation was observed between grain yield and plant height and also for grain yield and ear height. Ibadan 2020 had the best performance for grain yield (5.25 t ha^-1) followed by Kishi 2020 and Ibadan 2021 had the lowest yield per location. TZEI 12 and TZEI 8 were observed to be the best female parents while DMR-ESR-Y, PROVIT-A and BR9928-DMR-SR-Y are similarly observed as the best male parent in the hybrid combinations. This study can be repeated at the locations used and at other locations to confirm the yield and pattern of response of the maize hybrids across locations and years.

Keywords: Agronomic response; ANOVA; correlation; hybrid maize; top cross

This study analyzes the perceptions of local communities regarding the dynamics of plant and animal species in the Tiogo Classified Forest (TCF). Based on field surveys and direct observations, the research reveals a significant decline in forest cover, perceived by 83.49% of respondents as advanced degradation. Paradoxically, some plant species are reported to be expanding particularly Guiera senegalensis, Lannea microcarpa, and Acacia macrostachya suggesting an adaptive response to environmental and anthropogenic pressures. From a faunal perspective, species perceived as increasing include the hare, partridge, and monkey, while large mammals such as the lion, buffalo, and elephant are widely reported as disappearing. The degradation of the TCF is attributed primarily to human activities, including bushfires, gold panning, agricultural clearing, uncontrolled fires, and demographic pressure. Natural factors are rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the perceived utility of species influences local assessments of their abundance, potentially biasing the evaluation of their actual status. These findings highlight the urgency of implementing conservation and sustainable management strategies that integrate local knowledge with scientific approaches to preserve biodiversity and enhance the ecological resilience of the TCF.

Keywords: Environmental Dynamics; Community Perceptions; Tiogo Classified Forest; Forest Governance; Burkina Faso

This research explores the development and potential of Algubati-Langka Polvoron, aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8). The study aimed to harness the medicinal properties of Algubati and the economic viability of Langka to enhance community health and prosperity.

The study sought to find out the steps and procedures in the preparation of the Alugbati (Basella alba)-Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus). By expanding and exploring Algubati-Langka Polvoron, this research pioneers an innovative food product that integrates latent nutritional benefits with economic opportunities. This endeavor exemplifies a strategic alignment of food innovation with sustainable development goals, promoting enhanced food settings, sustainable economic growth, and community welfare.

Keywords: food innovation; food processing; nutrition; experimental research; cabinet dryer

In the 21st century, farming isn't just about feeding the world; it's also about doing it in a way that is fair, sustainable, and in line with the planet's ecological limits. This issue of the Agriculture and Environmental Science Journal comes at a very important time. As the world's population grows, the climate changes more, and biodiversity declines, the link between agriculture and environmental science becomes more and more important to the world's most important research and policy agendas.

Objectives: To comprehend the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and abnormalities associated with this rare congenital defect along with diagnostic modalities and effective management techniques for the treatment of TTE in children by conducting a retrospective analysis using clinical information from 14 cases over a period of 10 years.

Methods: Children with TTE were enrolled in this study that underwent treatment between January 2014 to January 2024 at the Institute of Mother & Child Health (IM&CH) PUMHSW, Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Pakistan. Clinical data including age, clinical manifestations, TTE-associated anomalies, ultrasonographic findings, and surgical procedures was collected from medical records of all patients. Follow up was conducted up to a period of 6 months.

Results: All 14 cases were treated successfully using laparoscopic surgery. Most of the cases presented with Inguinal Hernia along with TTE and the diagnosis was made intraoperatively except for four cases out of which one was diagnosed during clinical examination of abdominally palpable testes, while ultrasonography was conducted as a baseline modality for investigating TTE. Follow up of all the cases was achieved for not more than 6 months.

Conclusion: TTE must be suspected in patients presenting with nonpalpable undescended testis and contralateral inguinal hernia. The contralateral processus vaginalis sac is found in all instances of TTE. Ultrasonography is necessary for a prompt diagnosis of TTE. Laparoscopic surgery is a secure, efficient, and minimally invasive treatment modality for successful correction of TTE.

Compression garments are being used in applications such as socks, tights, and sleeves, and have been intended to apply pressure to muscles and tissues, so as to enhance circulation, decrease swelling, and potentially improve recovery after exercise. Despite their wide range of uses in sports, their effectiveness and benefits need to be explored further and research is on to explore their potential.

This study compares the land surface temperature (LST) of green roofs and cool roofs in Seoul to assess their effectiveness in mitigating urban heat islands and enhancing resilience to cold waves. Using Sentinel-2 imagery for rooftop classification and Landsat-8 thermal data for LST estimation, we analyzed 169 green roofs and 338 cool roofs, matched by area and location. Results show that green roofs consistently maintain lower LSTs during summer (mean 39.83°C, SD 3.52) compared to cool roofs (mean 40.88°C, SD 2.19), with a statistically significant difference (t = -22.04, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.39). In winter, the difference is smaller but still significant (green roofs: mean 3.13°C, SD 1.63; cool roofs: mean 3.33°C, SD 1.40; t = -8.49, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.14). These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that both green and cool roofs can reduce rooftop and ambient temperatures and provide important energy savings, though the degree of effectiveness varies by climate and building characteristics [1-5]. Green roofs are particularly effective in providing stable thermal performance and reducing summer heat in humid climates, while cool roofs can offer substantial cooling and energy benefits, especially in hot, dry regions [2-4, 6, 7].
Keywords: Green roof; Cool roof; Land surface temperature; Urban heat island; Sentinel-2; Landsat-8; Seoul

With growing attention to children's safety and educational needs in China, study tours have become a popular approach combining travel and learning. This paper proposes the design of a compact, portable intelligent robot-Smart Travel Leader-to enhance safety during children's school trips. The system includes a student-friendly robot, teacher tools, and a supporting mobile app. The design process involves user analysis, journey mapping and service blueprinting. Based on the findings, an innovative concept is developed using conceptual design and 3D modeling. The robot integrates AI, GPS, voice interaction, and environmental sensing to monitor children's location, health, and surroundings in real time. It offers intelligent navigation, emergency alerts, learning assistance, and coordination features. By combining multi-sensor data and real-time analysis, it can identify risks and issue early warnings. The system also enables real-time communication among parents, teachers, and students, aiming to deliver a safer, smarter, and more personalized study tour experience.

Keywords: children's school trips; intelligent robots; travel safety; school trip experience

This paper focuses on different standpoints regarding the thermal stability of a horizontal porous layer under the action of vertical vibration. Different time scales are distinguished (i.e. vibrational, viscous, conductive and buoyancy). For the case in which the vibrational time-scale is much smaller than other time scales and the amplitude of vibration is smaller than the height of the layer, the so-called time-averaged method is adopted. The linear stability analysis reveals that the response of the system in this case is harmonic and vibration has a stabilizing effect. Weakly non- linear stability analysis reveals that bifurcation is of the supercritical pitchfork type and an expression for the Nusselt number has been obtained. Although the time-averaged method has the advantage of simplifying the governing equations and providing closed form expression for the optimum choice of control parameters, it fails to describe sub-harmonic modes. In the follow up, it is shown that the stability analysis under arbitrary time-scale relations, called the direct method, leads to the study of a second order parametric oscillator (Mathieu equation). The harmonic and sub-harmonic responses are distinguished. We have put forward a set of conditions from which the stability results obtained by the direct method may be compared with those of the time-averaged method. The validity of the time- averaged method for thermos-vibrational problem has been proved for the first time in porous media. The criterion for the onset of convection has been obtained and this result has been generalized. The behavior of sub-harmonic solution is emphasized. It is shown that at very high frequency, the onset of convection corresponding to this mode does not depend on frequency and is independent of gravity. The response of the solution will be in sub-harmonic mode.

Green energy recovery technologies facilitate the transformation of green energy into electricity, thereby reducing reliance on fossil fuels and optimizing the energy efficiency of transportation facilities. This publication analyses the advanced principles of ambient energy recovery technologies in the transport sector, focusing mainly on road and rail networks. The use of thermal energy from heat losses generated by engines and braking devices, the incorporation of solar energy into vehicles and facilities, and innovative wind power solutions that exploit air movement in tunnels or around rail networks are highlighted. Hydraulic energy, magnetic energy and piezoelectric vibration recovery devices are also being explored for their ability to power sensors, vehicles and installations. Despite encouraging results, obstacles remain in the way of improved performance, cost-effectiveness and adaptation to practical circumstances. Intensified cooperation between researchers, industry and policy-makers is crucial to accelerate the uptake of these technologies, while fostering a more environmentally- friendly and resilient transport ecosystem.

Keywords: Energy harvesting; Road transportation; Railway transportation; vibration harvesting; Solar energy harvesting; Wind energy harvesting; Thermal energy harvesting

Unchecked Growth, Land-Use Changes, and Flood Risks in the City of Lakes:
Hyderabad, once celebrated as 'the City of Lakes,' is grappling with the aftermath of rapid urbanization, leading to significant alterations in its land-use pattern. The impact of this transformation has not only altered the city's landscape but has also increased the risk of urban flooding, a phenomenon exacerbated by the surge in population and climate change.

Postoperative fever is a common clinical challenge, and its etiology varies with the timing of onset. While infectious causes dominate the differential diagnosis, non-infectious etiologies such as drug- induced fever must not be overlooked, especially when clinical findings are inconclusive.

We report the case of a 43-year-old male with a prior diagnosis of appendiceal adenocarcinoma, who underwent a completion right hemicolectomy following an open appendicectomy. The early postoperative period was uneventful until postoperative day (POD) 5, when the patient developed intermittent fever spikes. Extensive workup—including laboratory investigations, imaging, and clinical examination—failed to identify any infective focus. A temporal correlation was noted between the administration of intravenous cefuroxime and the onset of fever. Discontinuation of the antibiotic on POD-7 led to complete resolution of symptoms, confirming the diagnosis of cefuroxime-induced drug fever.

Drug-induced fever, particularly due to β-lactam antibiotics like cefuroxime, remains an underrecognized yet significant postoperative complication. Characterized by a lack of systemic toxicity and resolution upon drug cessation, it should be considered when infectious causes have been ruled out. Awareness of this phenomenon is crucial to avoid unnecessary investigations and prolonged antibiotic use.

Contemporary periodontology is grounded in a detailed understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the tissues that support and surround the teeth. The periodontium, composed of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone, forms a dynamic functional unit designed to absorb and distribute occlusal forces, facilitate nutrient exchange, allow controlled tooth mobility, and preserve the integrity of the gingival environment.

Historically, periodontal diseases, particularly periodontitis, were viewed primarily as infectious conditions. However, recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have clarified their multifactorial etiology, where disease progression is influenced by the interplay between genetic predisposition, host immune-inflammatory responses, and environmental factors. Periodontitis is now widely recognized as a probabilistic genetic disorder, in which the mere presence of a susceptible genotype does not ensure disease manifestation—additional external and internal risk factors are required.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical structures comprising the tooth attachment apparatus, describe their physiological roles, and contextualize the current understanding of periodontal disease etiology, with emphasis on the biological interactions that drive its initiation and progression.

Achieving optimal control over plaque is crucial for the effectiveness of both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy. Brushing alone is insufficient to achieve this; additional interdental cleaning tools are necessary. There are many different types of interdental aids, including water jets, oral irrigators, rubber tips, wooden toothpicks, interdental brushes, and dental floss. Each of these has unique benefits and drawbacks. The size of the interproximal space, along with the individual's acceptance, dexterity, and motivation, all influence the selection of the appropriate interproximal cleaning aid. Consequently, the dentist can offer guidance tailored to the specific characteristics of each patient.

Keywords: Brushing; water jets; oral irrigators; rubber tips; wooden tooth picks; interdental brushes; dental floss

Objectives: Immediately loaded implants have evolved due to the constant need to achieve more efficient and satisfactory prosthetic restorations for patients.

The main aim of this study was the radiographical assessment of peri-implant marginal bone loss when immediate load was applied to rehabilitate patients with partially edentulous (when the extraction of all remaining teeth was indicated) or edentulous mandible or maxilla, using full-arch fixed metal or peek prosthesis.

Methods: Prospective, single-blind clinical study with a control group (metal) used to be compared to the experimental material (peek). An initial descriptive analysis and a bivariate analysis were carried comprising all the statistical contrasts needed for the evaluation of the relationship to bone loss.

Results: In the radiographic study performed after 4 months in the maxilla and after 3 months in the mandible, a vertical bone loss of 0.07 mm and a horizontal bone loss of 0.02 mm were observed. It is noticeable that smokers and patients with parafunctions showed a greater bone loss, compared with those patients who did not have these habits. These results were also observed in cases with immediate post-extraction implants, where immediate loading with full-arch prosthesis was performed. On the other hand, the insertion torque and the materials used are factors that result in lower bone loss.

Conclusions: The material peek, as well as the insertion torque applied to the implants, are factors that protect against peri-implant bone loss, both the risk of suffering bone loss and the amount of bone loss.

Keywords: Immediate loading; osseointegration; bone loss; immediate implants after extraction

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent approximately 33.8% of work-related health conditions in India, significantly contributing to occupational morbidity. This narrative review explores the economic burden posed by MSDs in sectors such as healthcare, information technology, construction, and agriculture. A focused cost-benefit analysis of ergonomic interventions—including physical workplace redesign, administrative controls, and digital tools—is presented, with evidence supporting productivity gains and a return on investment (ROI) of up to 15:1. Based on empirical studies and sector-specific data, this review proposes evidence-based ergonomic strategies to guide employers, policymakers, and occupational health practitioners in mitigating MSD prevalence and optimizing workforce performance in India.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders; Ergonomic Interventions; Workplace Health; India; Occupational Safety; Cost-Benefit Analysis

India is suffering from the worst water crisis in its history with some 6000 million facing acute water shortage. This crisis will worsen as the demand is projected to be twice the available supply in 2030. The extent to which surface water and ground water is becoming polluted by anthropogenic activities including untreated sewage discharge, is adding to the complexities. Thus building understanding about the basic fundamentals of water, waterbodies as a bioreactor and role of microbial community are pertinent for the revival of lakes or riverine system. Prioritizing the nature based strategies this paper attempts to identify the characteristics, diversity and distribution of microbes in waterbodies to work on it, for an appropriate treatment mechanism to ensure its use as an alternative water resource. Metagenomics tool was first time used to study sewage dynamics in contaminated Varal devi lake and Kamvari river in Bhiwandi city, Thane dist. MS, as Varal devi lake supply 5 MLD potable water and may have adverse consequences. Findings of soil and water samples revealed potential environmental and health risk as the lake and river water showed presence of novel or less-characterized Leptospira and Turneriella species dominant in the system localized in Varal devi lake pumping and inlet discharge site. Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens were detected in soil samples, where as it was absent in water. A detailed microbiome taxonomic breakdown, abundance across samples, and insights into its ecological and health significance is comprehended with the recommendations to take appropriate measures of nature based strategies for ecological restoration of the lake and riverine ecosystem. Decentralized sewage treatment by septic tanks interception and constructed wetlands is suggested, simultaneously with Kamvari river rehabilitation from zero order stream onwards. Restoration of flood plains and buffer zones are also necessary by action on the encroachments, for self-regulation mechanism of the nature to prevail. This paper is an attempt to create awareness among the stakeholders about the waterbodies with river basin approach and strengthen scientific communication for good water governance. Engineering infrastructures like conventional STPs lack understanding and design of biological concepts and operationalization, this has led to the deterioration of almost all waterbodies. Hence it is imperative to work with integrated approach for future demand and water resources management by handholding between the community and government agencies. Disseminating the idea of decentralized community driven water conservation, river rejuvenation initiatives and to encourage use of advanced genomic technology to understand sewage degradation science for wastewater treatment, was the main goal of this research work.