Risk of Systemic Diseases and Periodontal Disease
Marta Belen Cabo Pastor, Bibiana Fabado Martinez, Otto Aleman Miranda*, Lianet Camila Menendez Martinez
Doctor of Stomatology, Specialist in oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Cuba
*Corresponding Author: Otto Aleman Miranda, Doctor of Stomatology, Specialist in oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Cuba.
Published: July 03, 2025
DOI: 10.55162/MCMS.09.301
Abstract
Contemporary periodontology is grounded in a detailed understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the tissues that support and surround the teeth. The periodontium, composed of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone, forms a dynamic functional unit designed to absorb and distribute occlusal forces, facilitate nutrient exchange, allow controlled tooth mobility, and preserve the integrity of the gingival environment.
Historically, periodontal diseases, particularly periodontitis, were viewed primarily as infectious conditions. However, recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have clarified their multifactorial etiology, where disease progression is influenced by the interplay between genetic predisposition, host immune-inflammatory responses, and environmental factors. Periodontitis is now widely recognized as a probabilistic genetic disorder, in which the mere presence of a susceptible genotype does not ensure disease manifestation—additional external and internal risk factors are required.
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical structures comprising the tooth attachment apparatus, describe their physiological roles, and contextualize the current understanding of periodontal disease etiology, with emphasis on the biological interactions that drive its initiation and progression.
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