From Vesalius to Virtual Reality: A Short Review of Innovations in Anatomy Teaching
Uma Pandalai*
MD, PhD, Special Instructor, Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
*Corresponding Author: Uma Pandalai, MD, PhD, Special Instructor, Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
Published: September 30, 2025
Abstract
Anatomy has always been a cornerstone of medical education, evolving alongside scientific discovery and pedagogical innovation. This review traces the historical trajectory of anatomy teaching, from the groundbreaking illustrations of Andreas Vesalius in the sixteenth century to the integration of virtual reality, digital platforms, and gamification in the twenty-first century. We examine the transition from traditional cadaveric dissection and static atlases to plastination, medical imaging, interactive software, and immersive technologies. By highlighting key milestones, this review underscores how anatomy has adapted to broader cultural and technological changes while maintaining its fundamental role in preparing healthcare professionals. The paper concludes with a discussion of future trends, including artificial intelligence and immersive virtual reality, and their potential to balance innovation with the timeless values of anatomical education.
Keywords: Vesalius; Anatomy education; Virtual reality; Medical imaging; Pedagogy; Innovations