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There are 146.45 million operational holdings in the country and about 86.45 % are marginal and small farmers. To fulfill the basic demands of households including food (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, milk, fruit, honey, meat, eggs, etc.), feed, fodder fuel and fibre attract the attention of integrated farming systems (IFS). Undoubtedly, the majority of the farmers have been doing farming for a long back but their main focus was on individual components, rather than on an integrated manner. A lot of efforts have been made by the ICAR and State Agricultural Universities (SAU) level, aiming at increasing the productivity of different components of the farming system like crop, dairy, livestock, poultry, piggery, goat keeping, duckery, apiculture, sericulture, horticulture, mushroom production, etc. but lacking in their integration by following farming system approaches. The allocation of farmland involving different enterprises viz. cereals (34%), pulses (19%), oilseed (4%), horticulture (15%), fishery (7%), livestock (4%), poultry (0.002%), boundary plantation (1%), kitchen garden (1%) and green fodder production (13%) under different cropping and farming systems throughout the year. Land allocation in integrated farming systems is very crucial for the efficient use of all available resources and to enhance input use efficiency. The integration was made in such a way that product of one component should be used as input for other enterprises with a high degree of complementary effects on each other. The fodder fed to cattle produces milk, dung, urine and litter producing farmyard manure and the energy used for crops and fish ponds. The silting of fish ponds is utilized as manure for crops, however, farmyard manure/ vermicompost and other farm-based wastes can substitute about 55.6% of recommended N, P, and K for crops, besides, improving the physical and biological properties of soil. The fish pond water can be used by gravity method when there is a breakdown in the electricity supply. Oilseed crops (mustard and sunflower) provide nectar for honey bees, edible oil for humans, and oilseed cakes for dairy animal's feed. Integrated nutrient management (INM) through green manuring enhances the productivity of cereals (rice and wheat) by 0.5 to 1.0 tons/ha. Processing and value addition of different farms shall increase income to the tune of 25& 50% higher over direct selling of fruits and vegetables in the market, besides, generation of 626 man-days/family/year of employment from 1.5 ha of a model. The fish pond embankment (dike) comprising of 20-30% can be used for growing of annual cucurbits, cole crops, and fruit trees like guava, papaya, and lemon which have provided effective soil cover to check the soil and water erosions and also making the system more economically viable. The preliminary research investigations advocated the benefits of productivity improvement by 40-50% depending upon the number and kind of enterprises and their management. The information on farming systems in a systematic way is an effort to present in form of a technical bulletin. The methodology is explained keeping in mind the work done so far to realize better productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production systems that would help to solve the problem of food, fuel, feed, and energy crisis, creating more employment avenues, ensuring regular income to encourage agriculture-oriented industries which are purely dependent on agriculture and allied sectors. Backyard poultry and nutritional kitchen gardening have been found a suitable IFS component for nutritional security as well as income generation. Demonstration of poultry component produced a total of 68 eggs per farm family per month. While nutritional kitchen gardening provided 80% of the family's requirement for fresh vegetables. Adoption of IFS model helps in reducing the impact of climate change through strategies like mitigation and adaptation because of dependence on external sources for inputs like insecticides, chemical fertilizers, and other chemicals that are being used in farm produce. The output of one process becomes inputs for the other while the quality and quantity of production are enhanced. Furthermore, farm families are kept actively involved in farming activities by the constant need for labour to maintain a system of diversification of crops and livestock farming in an integrated manner to benefit each other and cut down the cost of production.
The concept of "deathbed" refers to a social process in which emotions are shared collectively while sending a dying person to their last journey, accompanied by different rituals across cultures. The dying person's family members, but also relatives and friends, as well as medical professionals and religious officials invited according to the individual's beliefs, are actively involved in the deathbed process. This process also produces a social space where many common values and religious activities emerge.
In recent years, the integration of digital learning platforms into educational settings has become increasingly prevalent. This paper investigates the impact of digital learning platforms on student engagement and academic performance. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of student performance data with qualitative insights gathered through interviews. Results indicate a significant positive correlation between the use of digital learning platforms and both student engagement and academic achievement. However, challenges such as technological barriers and pedagogical implementation issues are also identified. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of digital learning platforms to enhance educational outcomes while emphasizing the importance of effective integration strategies.
Paramagnetic complexes of transition metals and rare earths have attracted a lot of interest in the last year in medical imaging. Indeed, the study by 1H NMR spectroscopy has revealed that these agents increase the contrast between an affected cell and a normal one in biological tissues. This increase in contrast is due to the decrease in the nuclear relaxation time of the 1H proton of water. Due to their high magnetic moment, the dipolar interactions between these agents and water molecules are strong, which mainly reduces the nuclear relaxation time of 1H protons. Bloch was the first to use ferric nitrate as an agent of observation.
Synthetic mixed triplane complexes containing functionalized outer porphyrins and an inner phthalocyanine were prepared and their conditions of obtaining with better yield were studied. These complexes were characterized by UV/Vis. spectroscopy, H NMR mass spectrometry. In the second part we have reported the different strategies of interporphyrin coupling and the appropriate method for obtaining the "cage" complex in which a phthalocyanine ligand is encapsulated by two external porphyrinate ligands. The different parameters that govern this kind of systems are exposed.
Keywords: Meso-tetra.para-propargylphenylperphynate (Tp-PrOP) P; Meso tetra-para-aminophenylprophyrinate (Tp-H2NP) P; Phtalocyanine; octamethyl phtalocyaninate (Pc(Pme); octamethoxyphtalocyaninate (PcMe8); Ln= La; Ce; Gd
In the monarchy of modern engineering and technology, semiconductors stand as silent sentinels powering the revolution that touches nearly every facet of human life. From the smallest of wearable health monitors to the sprawling networks of global communication systems, semiconductors are the backbone of innovation, driving advancements that seemed like distant dreams mere decades ago. As an editorial member of Medicon Engineering Themes, I Sunil Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur, find the intersection of semiconductor technology with multidisciplinary fields particularly fascinating, underscoring the need for collaborative research and innovation in this domain.
World Health Organization defines diarrhea as “the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual”. Diarrhea is a form of gastrointestinal infection caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms or through contaminated food or drinking water, or from person to person as a result of poor hygienic practices. It remains a major cause of mortality among under-age children (mostly under 5years) around the world, especially in developing world. Diarrheal disease is the third leading cause of infant and child mortality in developing countries and about 1.8 million children die per annum from this disease [1]. The number of diarrheal deaths is ridiculously on the high side despite a fall in childhood diarrheal diseases from 4.6 million to 0.8 million over the last three decades [2]. Diarrhea is a leading killer of children, accounting approximately 9% of all death among children under age 5 worldwide in 2019. This translates to over 1,300 young children dying each day, or about 484,000 children a year, despite the availability of a simple treatment. According to UNICEF [3], the death caused by diarrhea among children under-5 are highest in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the percentage death caused by diarrhea in children was 16%. The overall prevalence of diarrhea as of 2021 was 12.9% [4]. In 2023, according to World Health Organization, diarrhea disease death in Nigeria among children reached 144,724 or 9.77% of total death [5].
As we usher in the new year with the first issue of 2024, it is my pleasure to contribute to the discourse within the esteemed pages of Medicon Dental Sciences. This editorial aims to shed light on the transformative landscape of dentistry, particularly the paradigm shift brought about by advancements in minimally invasive dentistry (MID).
Traditionally, dental interventions often involved invasive procedures, causing discomfort and anxiety among patients. However, the field has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, emphasizing a more patient-centered and conservative approach.
To live a healthy life style and be free from diseases, fruits must be incorporated in one’s daily food. Fruits are of high nutritional value and provide the body with the required daily allowance. They are highly perishable, but can be made into different products to make them available all year round. They can be processed into products which includes; fruit juice, jellies, marmalades, candies, fruit bars and jams. This study analyses jam produced using date powder and compared it with commercial jam produced using table sugar. The percentage compositions of the blends considered were 50%:50%; 70%:30%; 30%:70% of orange and apple pulps respectively with constant amount of date powder (50%). In addition to the pulp blends, 2.9% commercial pectin was added together with citric acid, and date powder. The entire mixture was heated at 120°C for 25 mins to enhance the viscosity of the blends. Proximate, microbial, physico-chemical analyses, sensory evaluation and Vitamin constituents of the experimental samples and the commercial jam were evaluated. The commercial jam was found best having higher scores in all the sensory parameters. However, in respect to proximate composition, the experimental samples had the highest in protein, ash, moisture, and fibre while the commercial jam only scored high in fat, carbohydrate. In respect to microbial count minimum fungal and bacterial growth, 1.00 cfu X 103 g-1 and 1.00 cfu X 105 g-1 respectively were recorded in the experimental samples at 3 weeks after production. The control sample had the highest value in vitamin A content (130.35mg/100g) and the least in vitamin C content (1.64mg/100g).The nutritional analysis and sensory evaluation obtained proved that the orange and apple jam samples made with date powder is a promising functional product which can be consumed by both young and adults.
Keywords: Orange; Apple; Date; Jam; Composite; Nutritional properties; Sensory analysis
Gene therapy is a fantastic new technology that has opened up a plethora of options to treat or prevent previously untreatable diseases. Gene therapy is the use of nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) is used to manipulate the genetic information of a patient’s cells. This is particularly helpful for diseases like Cystic Fibrosis where the ability to add a gene that makes the protein product the patient lacks or to just the gene itself is ideal. The addition of CRISPR-Cas for easier and more streamlined gene editing has also been a boon. However, the unfortunate truth is that despite decades of research, only a few gene therapies have made it to market. One of those reasons is the problems with carriers of gene therapy. For over three decades viral vectors were considered the go to for gene therapy carriers however they aggravate the immune system and can cause unwanted genotoxicity. This compromises their usefulness as a therapeutic treatment or preventative. So other methods of gene therapy carriers have been considered. Nanotech deliverers such as exosomes, gold nanoparticles, and others have shown great promise of being able to transport gene therapy with mitigated or no toxicity to the patient. This review will briefly go over both viral vector and nanotech non-viral vector alternatives to delivery of gene therapy.
Keywords: Gene therapy; nanotechnology; gene delivery; CRISPR; exosomes; viruses; magnetosomes
Transdermal drug delivery refers to the drug administration route through the skin that achieves the local or systemic treatment approved for clinical use. It is the third-largest drug delivery system after oral administration and injection. The advantages of the transdermal route are that the administration route of the drug is convenient and could reduce the fluctuation of blood drug concentration and toxic side effects. What is more, the drug could bypass the first-pass side-effect of the liver to prevent the drug from being destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Invasomes are new modified liposomes that differ from the liposomal vesicles in that they contain essential volatile oils, which are called terpenes. Also, ethanol in a low percentage is present in the vesicle either in the phospholipid layer or in the hydrous core. These modified newly discovered vesicles are intended to be used for topical and transdermal drug delivery due to their permeation effect and high deformability as compared to transferosomes.
Keywords: Invasomes; Transdermal drug delivery; phospholipids; terpenes; deformable vesicles
Design and use of enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the new and effective ways to control viruses and treat viral infections, Enzyme inhibitors inactivate these enzymes by binding to the nucleotides functional groups of the virus vital enzymes, thus can directly disrupt the virus replication cycle and indirectly prevent the spread of viral infections by reducing and controlling the population and number of viruses, these inhibitors, on the one hand, inhibit the virus by filling and Occupying the active sites of the enzyme and on the other hand, they change the stereochemistry of the enzyme by binding to the structure of the enzyme, for this reasons, they are used as an effective and complementary drug in the treatment of infections and viral diseases. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus because it has the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a class of Antiretroviral HIV drugs. Non- ucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) block HIV reverse transcriptase enzymes by connecting to it. Tetrazole derivatives have strong antiviral activity against efavirenz and nevirapine-resistance viruses that have different genetic mutations. In this research, we study NNRTIs function and overview synthesis of 5-aryloxy- etrazole derivatives in the development path of NNRTIs.
Keywords: Anti-HIV Drugs; NNRTIs; Tetrazole; HAART; Retrovirus; Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme
Therapeutic bioengineering is a rapidly growing discipline in medical science that combines biology and medicine with engineering principles to create products and methods that can tackle the widest range of a variety of medical and health-related issues in today’s society